自考-英美文学选读-知识点-NICOLAS整理

1.WilliamShakespeare1.《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》《路克丽丝的被奸》：两首叙事长诗题献给南安普敦伯爵。2.喜剧生涯第一阶段：五部历史剧：《亨利六世》上中下、《理查三世》《泰特斯。安装尼克斯》；四部喜剧：《错中错》《维罗纳二绅士》《驯悍记》《空爱一场》3.第二阶段：五部历史剧：《查理二世》《约翰王》《亨利四世》上下《亨利五世》；六部喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《无事生非》《皆大欢喜》《第十二夜》《温莎的风流娘们儿》；两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《裘利斯。凯撒》4.第三阶段：悲剧：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克佩斯》《安东尼与克里奥特佩拉》《特洛伊勒斯与克莱希达》《考利欧雷诺斯》；两部喜剧：《终成眷属》《恶有恶报》5.最后一个阶段：包括他主要的浪漫悲喜剧《波里克利斯》《新柏林》《冬天的故事》《暴风雨》；他最后的两个剧本《亨利八世》《二位高贵的亲戚》6.《亨利四世》上下两部莎士比亚历史剧中最受广泛阅读的剧本。揭示了15世纪混乱的统治。一边为英国失去领土而悲痛，一边表现爱国主义精神。用戏剧性表现了1450年杰克。凯德起义期间压迫者与被压迫者之间的阶级斗争。谴责由封建贵族发起的玫瑰战争，在战争中无辜人民惨遭杀害。7.《威尼斯商人》是喜剧作品中最重要的剧本。莎士比亚在该剧本中创造了紧张、模棱两可和同时既在心智上令人激动又在情感上引人入胜的自我意识的、自我愉悦的技巧。该剧暴露出犹太人永不满足的贪欲。8.《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是成功的浪漫悲剧，它歌颂对爱情的忠诚和追求幸福的精神。虽是一WilliamShakespeare1.VenusandAdonisTheRapeofLucrece:bothofwhichwerededicatedtotheEarlofSouthampton.2.The1stperiodofShakespeare’sdramaticcareer:5historyplays:HenryVI,PartsI,IIandIII，RichardIIIandTitusAndronicus;and4comedies:TheComedyofErrors,TheTwoGentlemenofVerona,TheTamingoftheShrew,andLove’sLabour’sLost3.2ndperiod,5histories:RichardII,KingJohn,HenryIV,PartsIandII,andHenryV;sixcomedies:AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNight,andTheMerryWivesofWindsor;andtwotragedies:RomeoandJulietandJuliusCaesar4.3rdperiod:Tragedies:HamletOthelloKingLearMacbethAntonyandCleopatraTroilusandCressidaCoriolanus;twocomedies:All’sWellThatEndsWellandMeasureforMeasure5.Lastperiod:includeshisprincipalromantictragicomedies:Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinter’sTaleandTheTempest;andhistwofinalplays:HenryVIIIandTheTwoNobleKinsmen6.HenryIVPartsIandIIareundoutedlythemostwidelyreadamonghishistoryplays.Itrevealsatroubledreigninthe15thcentury.ShakespearepresentsthepatrioticspiritwhenmourningoverthelossofEnglishterritoriesinFrance.HealsodramatizestheclassstrugglebetweentheoppressorsandtheoppressedduringJakeCade’srisingof1450.HecondemnstheWaroftheRoseswagedbythefeudalbaronsinwhichinnocentpeoplewerekilled.7.TheMerchantofVeniceisthemostimportantplayamongthecomedies,inwhichShakespearehascreatedtension,armbiguity,aself-consciousandself-delightingartificethatisatonceintellectuallyexcitingandemotionallyengaging.TheTraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaherioineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,andtoexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.8.RomeoandJuliet,thesuccessfulromantictragedy,eulogizesthe部悲剧，但充满着乐观主义精神。9.最伟大的悲剧：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》。它们的共同特点：都描写某一位高贵的主人公，他面对人类生活的不公正并陷入困境，他的命运与整个民族的命运紧紧相连。每个主人公都有他的性格弱点：哈姆雷特面对着行动与思考之间的困境；奥赛罗的内心特点被外部邪恶势力所利用；老李尔王不愿意完全放弃权利，使自己忍受遭受背信弃义和不忠的痛苦；麦克白的权力欲激起他的野心并导致他的连续犯罪。10.《暴风雨》是一个精心计划的幻想故事，被认为是他最后的浪漫传奇中最优秀的作品。是他晚年对人生和社会的悲观主义观点的典型例证。faithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghapiness.Thoughatragedy,itispermeatedwithoptimisticspirit.9.Hisgreatesttragediesare:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:Hamletfacesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;Othello’sinnerweekessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;Macbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.10.TheTempest,anelaborateandfantasticstory,isknownasthebestofhisfinalromances.Itisatypicalexampleofhispessimisticviewtowardshumanlifeandsocietyinhislateyears.2.JohnMilton1.《列西达斯》献给淹死在爱尔兰海剑桥时的同学爱德华。金的挽歌集。弥尔顿发问：为什么正直善良的人要忍受痛苦。诗的高潮是对因自私自利而腐败的教士阶层，即“牧羊人”的狠狠抨击。2.《论出版自由》可能是他最令人难忘的散文作品，它是一个为出版自己有所作的伟大的抗辩。与其他散文作品的猛烈风格比较，它则显得很流畅且平静。3.1660年王政复辟之后，当他失明并忍受痛苦、贫困及孤独之时，弥尔顿写了他的三部重要诗歌作品：《失乐园》《复乐园》《力士参孙》JohnMilton1.LycidasiscomposedforacollectionofelegiesdedicatedtoEdwardKing,afellowundergraduateofMilton’satCambridge,whowasdrownedintheIrishsea.Withthebittersenseofloss,Mitonaskswhythejustandgoodshouldsuffer.Theclimaxofthepoemistheblisteringattackontheclergy,i.e.the“shepherds”,whoarecorruptedbyself-interest.2.Areopagiticaisprobablyhismostmemorableprosework.Itisagreatpleaforfreedomofthepress.Comparedwiththetoughstyleoftheotherprosework,itisrathersmoothandcalm.3.AftertheRestorationin1660,whenhewasblindandsuffering,andwhenhewaspoorandlonely,Miltonwrotehisthreemajorpoeticalworks:4.《失乐园》是最伟大的一部，实际上也是《贝奥武甫》之后英国文学中惟一公认的史诗。原故事选自圣经的《创世纪》3:1-24.主题是“人的堕落”，即人的不服从和失去乐园，其主要原因是撒旦。弥尔顿遵循基督教人文主义传统，创作《失乐园》，意在暴露撒旦的反叛行为并“证明上帝处罚人类的正当性”。5.《复乐园》表现以基督为代表的人类怎样抵制诱惑并重新获得天赐恩惠的。基督在荒野中受到诱惑是作品的主题。6.《力士参孙》模仿希腊风格用英语创作的诗歌剧最完美的样板。转向更重要的个人的主题。ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedSamsonAgonistes.Amongthethree,thefirstisthegreatest,indeedtheonlyonegenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf;andthelastoneisthemostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.4.ParadiseLostisthegreatest,indeedtheonlyonegenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.TheoriginalstoryistakenfromGenesis3:1-24oftheBible.Thethemeisthe“FallenofMan,”i.e.man’sdisobedienceandthelossofParadise,withitsprimecause----Satan.WorkingthroughthetraditionofaChristianhumanism,MiltonwroteParadiseLost,intending