现在分词讲解

现在分词用法归纳---马老师一、现在分词的结构二、现在分词的结构含义三、现在分词的句法功能四、独立主格结构五、现在分词的主动表被动含义知识提纲一、现在分词的结构主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定式：在现在分词的前面直接加not1.现在分词的主动式的一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式（having+过去分词）用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Havingstudiedinuniversityfor3years,heknowsthewayverywell.二、现在分词的结构含义2.现在分词的被动式的一般式和完成式。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语式；如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作，就用分词完成式被动形式。如：Thequestionbeingdiscussedisimportant.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.【注】：beingdone不能作状语havingbeendone不能作定语分词不管充当什么成分，都和所修饰的名词或者代词或者句子的主语形成主谓关系。1.作定语分词短语作定语时，分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。相当于定语从句。如：Themanstandingbythewindowsisourteacher.（standing和所修饰的man形成主谓关系）Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.三、现在分词的句法功能〓whoisstandingbythewindows〓Intheyearsthatfollowed【注】分词作前置定语(不同含义）1.下列由动词变成形容词化的分词表达不同的含义。V-ing表示他人他物令人感到怎么样。V-ed本身自己感到怎么样。interesting,interested;exciting,excited;annoying,annoyed;amazing,amazed;amusing,amused;astonishing,astonished;boring,bored;confusing,confused;disappointing,disappointed;encouraging,encouraged;embarrassing,embarrassed;frightening,frightened;inspiring,inspiredHehada________(terrifying,terrified)lookinhiseyes.Theboyansweredina________(frightening,frightened)voice.terrifiedfrightenedHissonwas.Theoldmanfeltunhappy.Hissonwas,soheregrettednothavingpreparedmuchforthetest.2.有些形容词化的分词表到不同的含义。V-ing表示动作正在进行。V-ed表示动作已完成，不表被动。rising/risen,falling/fallen,developing/developed,changing/changed,fading/faded,boiled/boiling,drowning/drownedChinaisadevelopingcountry.(发展中的)Americaisadevelopedcountry.（发达的）disappointingdisappointedboilingwaterboiledwaterfadingflowersfadedflowersadrowningmanadrownedmanfallingleavesfallenleavesaretiredworkeranescapedprisonerreturnedstudents正在沸腾的已经沸腾过的正在凋谢的已经凋谢的快要淹死的已经淹死的正在飘落的树叶落叶退休工人逃犯归国留学生分词作定语相当于定语从句(1).Theboysittingunderthattreeismybrother.Theboywhoissittingunderthattreeismybrother.Iknowthepeoplebuildingthehousethere.IknowthepeoplewhoarebuildingthehousethereThebuildingcompletedlastmonthisabankThebuildingthatwascompletedlastmonthisabankThehousebeingbuiltoverthereisashop.被动,正在建Thehousethatisbeingbuiltoverthereisashop.Thehousebuiltoverthereisashop.（被动、已建好）Thehousethatisbuiltoverthereisashop.2作表语。如：Thenewsisinspiring.3.作宾语补足语。如：Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.注意：在see，hear，watch，fell，observe，have，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有区别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。如：Isawthegirlgettingonthebus.Isawthegirlgetintothecaranddriveoff.【注】：“have+宾语+现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“have+宾语+过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如：Hehadhisclotheswashed.（他叫别人洗了衣服。）Wehadthefireburningallday.（我们使火燃烧了一整天。）1.语态时态含义：（主动与被动，一般时与完成时，时间状语，原因状语，方式/伴随状语，条件状语，结果状语，让步状语）2.主语一致性：分词语态与主句主语一致3.避免重复连词4.否定词位置5.有些动词是被动结构主动含义6.有些动词分词作为插入语7.Beingdone不做状语4.作状语主语一致性动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以引导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，不管用现在分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致。如：1.Hearingthenews,histearsrolleddownhisface.Whenheheardthenews,histearsrolleddownhisface.2.Wateredintime,hecouldgrowtheflowerbetterthanbefore.Wateringtheflowerintime,hecouldgrowtheflowerbetterthanbefore.Wateredintime,theflowercouldgrowbetterthanbefore.错错A.作时间状语：___________(wander)throughthesquare,Icaughtsightofasnake-charmer.WhileIwaswanderingthroughthesquare,Icaughtsightofasnake-charmer.B.作原因状语：_________(know)heraddress,wecouldgetintouchwithher.Becauseweknewheraddress,wecouldgetintouchwithher.WanderingKnowingC.方式/伴随状语;Shewatchedthefilm,_______(weep)and_______(sigh).Shewatchedthefilm,whilesheweptandsighedD.作条件状语：________(play)allday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.Ifyouplayallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.weepingsighingPlayingE.作结果状语：(意料中的结果)Thehuntersfired,__________(shoot)oneofthewolves.区别:不定式表示意外的结果Hehurriedtothestation,only_______(find)thetrainhadleft.F.作让步状语：________(rain)heavily,itclearedupverysoon.Thoughitrainedheavily,itclearedupverysoon.shootingtofindRaining1、某些表示内在品质和性能的不及物动词的非进行体形式，如：lock(锁)，open(开),clean（弄干净,move（移动）,wash（洗）,sell（卖）,write（写）,weigh（称重）,measure（量）,read（读）,shut（关）,break（打碎）,ride（骑）,wear（穿）,addup（加起来）等等,句中往往用物作主语，且与一个行为方式状语（常用作行为方式状语的副词有：well,easily,long,fast,smoothly,rough等等）连或用于否定，表示某物展示出的该动作的某一特性，该特性促使动作得以实现或难以实现。例如：Glassbreakseasily.玻璃易打碎。Mypenwritessmoothly.我的钢笔好写。Thiskindofcarsellsverywell.这种车销路很好。Thematerialwon’twear.这种材料不经久耐用。四、用主动表达被动含义的动词2、某些表状态的联系动词，如look,smell,taste,feel,sound等等，它通常以形容词作表语，一般不跟副词，不与tobe连用。Cottonfeelssoft.棉花摸起来很柔软。Helooksblue.他显得神情沮丧。Thisdishtastesdelicious.这道菜味道鲜美。Hisconclusionsoundedreasonable.他的结论听起来很合理。有些动词看似被动用主动在用法上的体现_____________delicious,thesoupwassoldoutsoonerorlater.A.TosmellB.SmelledC.SmeltD.Smelling_____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.SufferedDA被动结构主动含义(括号中是对应的主动结词）beseated(sit),bedressed(wear),bedevotedto(devotesth.to)beinvolvedin，beaddictedtobeabsorbedin，befacedwith(face/faceupto)beconvinced(believe)，beoccupiedwithbedeterminedto，beintendedforbasedon(dependingon)belocatedin(liein/standin)beinformedof(know)对比1.Thefilmwasmadebasedonatrueoldstory.Thefil