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第一节、合同法概述一、合同与合同法的概念(一)合同的概念我国现行《合同法》第二条规定,合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。Acontractmeansanagreementontheestablishment,alterationorterminationofacivilright-obligationrelationshipbetweennaturalpersons,legalpersonorotherorganizationassubjectswithequalstatus.合同法简言之,就是规范合同的法律。合同法是调整平等主体之间合同关系的法律规范的总和。ContractLawsarethelegalnormsofadjustingcontractualrelationshipbetweenequalparties.ImportanceofcontractlawContractlawisaveryimportantbranchofthelawforallofusbecausecontractsareanintegralpartofeverydaylife.Contractlawindifferentcountriescapitalistcountriescontinentallawsystem:codescommonlawsystem:casesChina:GeneralProvisionsoftheCivilLaw(民法通则),EconomicContractLaw(经济合同法),ForeignEconomicContractLaw(涉外经济合同法)(new)ContractLaw1999LawofSino-ForeignJointVentures中外合资经营企业法LawofChinese-ForeignCooperativeEnterprises中外合作经营企业法RegulationsonAdministrationofTechnologyAcquisitionContract技术引进合同管理条例BasicconceptsofcontractGeneralProvisionsoftheCivilLawAcontractshallbeanagreementwherebythepartiesestablish,changeorterminatetheircivilrelationship.Acontractestablishedpursuanttothelawisprotectedbylaw.Requirementsforaeffectivecontract1.Anagreementshallbereachedbyofferandacceptancebetweentheparties.2.Thepartiesshallhaveappropriatecapacitiestocontract.3.acontractshallhaveconsiderationandlegalcause.4.Theobjectandcontentshallbelegal.5.Acontractshallcomplywiththerequirementoflegalform.6.Insigningcontracts,thepartiesshalltrulyexpresstheirintention.第二节Formationofcontract合同的成立二、订立合同的程序(一)Offer要约Anofferisastatementbyonepartyofawillingnesstoenterintoacontractonstatedterms,providedthattheofferorisboundtothesetermsincaseofacceptance.1、要约的概念和构成条件。要约,又称发盘(offer),是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示,该意思表示应当符合下列规定。(1)内容具体确定;(2)表明经受要约人承诺,要约人即受该意思表示约束;(3)要约必须向特定的人发出。Article14Anofferisaproposalhopingtoenterintoacontractwithotherparties.Theproposalshallcomplywiththefollowingstipulations:(1)Itscontentsshallbedetailedanddefinite;(2)Itindicatestheproposaloftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.要约与要约邀请(invitationforoffer)要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告auctionannouncement、招标公告biddingannouncement、招股说明书prospectus、商业广告commercials等为要约邀请。但是,如果商业广告的内容符合要约规定的,视为要约。3、要约的法律效力(1)要约的生效:合同法第十六条“要约到达受要约人时生效”。Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.(2)要约的撤回:合同法第十七条“要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。”Anoffermaybewithdrawn,ifthewithdrawalnoticereachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimewhentheofferarrives.(3)要约的撤销:合同法第十八条“要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。”Anoffermayberevoked,iftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforeithasdispatchedanacceptance.合同法十九条“有下列情形之一的,要约不得撤销(1)要约人确定了承诺期限或者以其他形式明示该要约是不可撤销的;(2)受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的,并已经为履行合同作了准备工作。”Anoffermaynotberevoked,if(1)theofferorindicatesafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwiseexplicitlystatesthattheofferisirrevocable;or(2)theoffereehasreasonstorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandhasmadepreparationforperformingthecontract.(4)要约的撤回与撤销的区别:撤回的要约不发生法律效力,要约人无须承担任何责任;撤销要约使受要约人遭受损失的,要约人承担赔偿责任。(5)要约的有效期限:要约自到达受要约人时生效,承诺期限届满,承诺人未做承诺的,要约失效。商品房买卖中的楼书、广告是否构成要约,不实是否构成欺诈?商店中对商品标明价格是否构成要约?公交车投币箱是否是要约?悬赏广告是否构成要约?(二)承诺1、承诺的概念和构成条件合同法第二十一条“承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示”。Anacceptanceisastatementmadebytheoffereeindicatingassenttoanoffer.(1)承诺必须是受要约人向要约人作出;(2)承诺必须在要约规定的有效期限内作出;合同法第二十三条“要约没有规定承诺期限的,承诺应当依照下列规定到达(1)要约以对话方式作出的,应当即时作出承诺,但当事人另有约定的除外;(2)要约以非对话方式作出的,承诺应当在合理期限内到达。”Wherenotimelimitisfixedintheoffer,theacceptanceshallarriveinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions:(1)Iftheofferismadeindialogues,theacceptanceshallbemadeimmediatelyexceptasotherwiseagreeduponbytheparties;(2)Iftheofferismadeinformsotherthanadialogue,theacceptanceshallarrivewithinareasonableperiodoftime.合同法第二十八条“受要约人超过要约期限发出承诺的,除要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效的以外,为新要约。”Whereanoffereemakesanacceptancebeyondthetimelimitforacceptance,theacceptanceshallbeanewofferexceptthattheofferorinformstheoffereeoftheeffectivenessofthesaidacceptancepromptly.2.承诺的内容与要约相一致。合同法第三十条“受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的,为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等变更,是对要约内容的实质性变更。”Thecontentsofanacceptanceshallcomplywiththoseoftheoffer.Iftheoffereesubstantiallymodifiesthecontentsoftheoffer,itshallconstituteanewoffer.Themodificationrelatingtothecontractobject,quality,quantity,priceorremuneration,timeorplaceormethodofperformance,liabilitiesforbreachofcontractandthesettlementofdisputes,etc.,shallconstitutethesubstantialmodificationofanoffer.合同法第三十一条“承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的,除要约人表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更的以外,该承诺有效,合同的内容以承诺的内容为准。”Iftheacceptancedoesnotsubstantiallymodifiesthecontentsoftheoffer,itshallbeeffective,andthecontentsofthecontractshallbesubjecttothoseoftheacceptance,exceptasrejectedpromptlybytheofferororindicatedintheofferthatanacceptancemaynotmodifytheofferatall.2、承诺的生效(1)生效的时间:合同法第二十六条“承诺到达要约人时生效。承诺不需要通知的,根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。”Anacceptancebecomeseffectivewhenitsnoticereachestheofferor.Ifanacceptanceneedn'tbenotified,itbecomeseffectivewhenanactofacceptanceisperformedinaccordancewithtransactionpracticesorasrequiredintheoffer.(2)生效的地点:合同法第三十四条“承诺生效的地点为合同成立的地点。采用数据电文形式订立合同的,收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点;没有主营业地的,其经常居住地为合同成立的地点。当事人
本文标题:第二章合同法(中英文)
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