UK-politics-英语国家社会文化之英国政治

PoliticsofUnitedKingdomChapter7PreviewquestionWhatisthepoliticalsystemofUK?Whataretheimportantcomponentsofthispoliticalsystem?Doyouknowothercountrieswhichhavesamepoliticalsystem?PalaceofWestminster—homeofgovernmentBasicStructureofUKCentralGovernmentMonarch(non-political)Legislature---ParliamentExecutiveJudiciary(non-political)HouseofCommons(political)HouseofLords(semi-political)PrimeMinister&Cabinet(political)Ministers&Civilservice(non-political)SupremeCourtCourtofAppealTheoldMonarchy(君主政体ruledbytheKing)1).theoldestinstitutionofgovernment(aftertheNormanConquestin1066)2).KingEgbert(埃格伯特国王)TheancestorofthepresentQueenElizabethII.UnitedEnglandunderhisrulein829.EgbertwasKingofWessexfrom802until839.TheMonarchQueenElizabethII•Realname:ElizabethAlexandraMaryWindsor•Birth:21April1926inLondon•Children:3sons,1daughterPersonifiesthestateanintegralpartofthelegislatureheadoftheexecutiveheadofthejudiciarycommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrownthe‘supremeGovernor’oftheChurchofEnglandQueenElizabethIITheroyalfamilyDivinerightofkings(君权神授)•Theancientdoctrine:thesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects•Usedbythekingsasanexcuseforabusingpower•DisputeoverthepowerofthekingandtheparliamentChangeswiththeMonarchy1)Forathousandyears,Britainhashadahereditarykingorqueenastheheadofstatewithonebriefexception,whentheRoundheadssucceededinoustingthemonarch,CharlesIin1642.2)Themonarch’sunwillingnesstoreceiveadvicefromprominentmenledtomanybattlesbetweenthekingandotherpowerfulgroupsliketheChurchandpowerfulland-owningfeudalbarons.3)In1215,KingJohngrantedthefeudalbaronsandtheChurchacharteroflibertyandpoliticalrights:theGreatCharterReviewWhatistheGreatCharterabout?JohnofEnglandsignsMagnaCarta.ManuscriptsofMagnaCarta.BillofRightsMonarchhadtoconsultParliamentReviewWhatwastheBillofRightabout?GreatReformActin1832DuringVictorianEraEnglandBritainhadtheleadinrapideconomicandpopulationgrowth.OverseaexpansionDefeatingSpainDefeatingHollandWonCanadafromFrenchNorthAmericanColoniesIndiansAfrica4)TheroleofthemonarchtodayisprimarilytosymbolizethetraditionandunityoftheBritishstate.QueenVictoria’scrownStatueofQueenVictoriaoutsideandoppositefromtheBuckinghamPalaceThewords“Victoria,QueenandEmperor”areinscribedbelowherfeet.QueenVictoriaMemorialQueen’sresidenceBuckinghamPalaceinLondon,homeoftheQueen.TheWhiteDrawingRoom,BuckinghamPalace,oneoftheroomsusedforWilliamandKate'sweddingreception.WindsorcastlePowerofQueen?Queen’slimits?ConstitutionalrightsbutnorealpowerReignsbutnotreallyrulethecountryThecrownisthesymbolofthewholenationandtherepresentativeofthepeopleEverythingshedoeswasdecidedbyherministersandhasbeendecidedinadvancebyParliamentParliamentStrugglebetweenParliamentandMonarchyBythe13thcentury,kingsfoundtheycouldnotmakeendsmeet,andsotheywidenedtheGreatCounciltoincluderepresentativesofcounties,citiesandtownstogetthemtogivehimmoney.In1407,HenryIVdecreedthatallmoneygrantsshouldbeconsideredandapprovedbytheCommonsbeforeconsideredbytheLords,aformulawhichisalmostthesametoday.In1689ParliamentpassedtheBillofRightswhichensuredthattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.1832newsystemforchoosingmembersoftheHouseofCommons:popularelectionsinsteadofMonarch’sappointmentofrepresentativesAbriefhistoryDivisionoftheParliamentMonarchyHouseofCommonsHouseofLordsHouseofLords(upperhouse)TheHouseofLordsconsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(theArchbishopsandbishops),andtheLordsTemporal(hereditypeersandlifepeersappointedbyQueenatthesuggestionofParliamentmembers),andLawLords(Judges,aspecialgroupchosentoassistthehouseinjudicialduties).ThehouseofCommons(LowerHouse)ThehouseofCommonsconsistsofabout659MembersofParliament(MPs).Electedevery5yearsThefunctionsofParliament:topasslaws,tovotefortaxation,toscrutinize(审查)governmentpolicy,administrationandexpenditure,andtodebatethemajorissuesoftheday.ProcedureforpassingbillsWhodoyouthinkisamorepowerfulsideintheparliament?Whathappensinthehouseofcommons?MeetsatthePalaceofWestminsterinthecommonsChamberSpeaker:presideoverthedebateDebate:Memberscanspeakonlywhencalleduponbythespeaker.AndspeechesareaddressedtothespeakerQuestiontime:aweeklyopportunitytoaskquestionstotheCabinetMinistersincludingprimeministerProceduresintheupperhouseMeetsatthePalaceofWestminsterHouseofLordsChamberTheLordChancellorservesasthespeaker.AdeputyspeakerpresideDebate:thespeechisalwaysaddressedtothehouseasawhole(mylords…).Ifaspeakerwishestoaddresstoapersonratherthanthespeaker,hemustdoitinthirdperson(theDukeof…)HouseofLordsParliamentbuildingGovernmentAparliamentarygovernmentPartythatholdsamajorityoftheseatsintheHouseofCommonsformsthegovernment,withitspartyleaderasthePrimeMinisterPrimeMinistercanappointotherministersandformCabinetCabinetsTheprimeministerTheheadsofmostimportantdepartments(cabinetministers)Afewministerswithoutbeingheadsofdepartments(non-cabinetminsters)TheshadowcabinetDowningStreetiswherethecabinetoftheUKgovernmentresides.Primeminister’sresidence10DowningStreetLondonJudiciaryStatues-actsofParliamentcommonlaws-pastcourtdecisionsEnglishHi