relative-clause定语从句

Hewhoknowsothersislearned,andhewhoknowshimselfiswise.Hewholearnsbutdoesnotthink,whichislost;Hewhothinksbutdoesnotlearn,whichisingreatdanger.Review.Youthisabeautyofvigorandhealth,whichisendowedtousbynature.antecedentrelativepronounArelativeclauseisaclausethatisintroducedbyrelativeword(relativepronounrelativeadverbrelativedeterminer)RelativeWordsRelativeWordsRelativePronounRelativeAdverbthatwhichwhowhomwhoseWhen(time)Where(place)Why(reason)thingpersonSubstitutesb.Substitutesth.Substitutesb./sth.AssubjectwhowhichthatAsobjectwhomwhichthatAsattributiveWhose(ofwhom)Whose(ofwhich)Accordingtosemanticrelationsbetweenantecedents,relativeclausecanbedividedintoRestrictive/non-restrictiveRelativeClause.Restrictive/non-restrictiverelativeclausebeginwitharelativepronounwhichcansometimesbeomitted..RestrictiveRelativeClausesArestrictiverelativeclauseiscloselyattachedtothehead.Itisnotseparatedfromtheheadbyabreakinintonation,orbyacommainwriting.Thiskindofclauseusuallyoccursinthefollowingcontexts:a)Whenthenounheadtakesagenericindefinitearticlewhichmeanscategory,eg:Shewasawomanwhomustbetreateddecently.HespoketomeinatonewhichIdidn’tatalllike.b)Whenthenounheadtakesaanaphoricreferencedefinitearticle(前照应定冠词）eg：Heisthemanwhotoldmethenews.ThisisthecarIboughtlastyear.c)Whenthenounheadtakessuchindefinitedeterminersasall,any,some,everyandno,eg:Anymanwhosmokescigarettesisriskinghishealth.Hehasreadalmosteverybookonlinguisticsthathecouldgetholdofinthelibrary.NovisitorswhocometoBeijingwouldfailtoseetheGreatWall.SupplementWhenweusearestrictiverelativeclause,therelativepronouncanbeeitherthesubjectortheobjectoftherelativeclause.Whenitisthesubject,thewordorderissubject+verb+objecte.g.Ihaveafriendwho/thatplaysguitar.Whentherelativepronounistheobjectthewordorderisobject+subject+verbe.g.Heshowedtherocks(which/that)hehadcollected.Whenweaddinformationaboutthings,wecanusethatasobjectinconversationandwhichinmoreformalcontextsWhenweaddinformationaboutpeople,wegenerallypreferthat(ornorelativepronoun)asobjectininformalcontextsratherthanwhoorwhomWhomisveryformalandrarelyusedinspokenEnglishTheboywhomElenahadshoutedatsmiled.(lessformallythat,norelativepronounorwho)•Weusethatassubjectafter:somethingandanything;wordssuchaslittle,all,muchandnoneusedaspronouns;nounphrasesincludesuperlatives.Whichisalsousedassubjectaftersomethingandanything,butlesscommonly•e.g.Thesewallsareallthatremainofthecity.•Notethatwecanusethat(ornorelativepronoun)aftersomething/anything;andnounphraseswithsuperlatives•e.g.She’soneofthekindestpeople(that)Iknow.Non-restrictiverelativeclauseAnon-restrictiveclauseisnotcloselyconnectedwiththehead.Itisgenerallyseparatedfromtheheadbyaclearbreakinspeechorbyacommainwriting.Itisusuallyintroducedbywh-words,forexample,bywho,whom,whoseandwhichforpersonalornon-personalreference,eg:TheChairman,whospokefirst,satonmyright.Thechairman’sdaughter,whosenameisAnn,gavemeapatientsmile.Itshouldbenotedthatitisnotabsolutelyimpermissibletousetherelativethattointroduceanon-restrictivecause,butthatinthiscontextisnotsocommonasawh-word,eg:Sheisdevilish（凶恶的）likeMissCutter,thatIusedtomeetatDumdum.Relativeadverbofwhereandwhen(butnotwhy)canalsobeusedtointroduceanon-restrictiveclause,eg;ManyofourWelshpeoplearegoingtosettleinNorthCarolina,wherelandischeap.I’mseeingthemanagertomorrow,whenhewillbebackfromNewYork.Oforotherprepositions+which/whomcanalsobeusedtointroduceanon-restrictiveclausee.g.Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.Semantically,anon-restrictiveclausesometimesfunctionsasacoordinateclause,eg;Theyhadafinewalktoo,whichhaddonehisliver（肝）good.=Theyhadafinewalktoo,andithaddonehislivergoodSemantically,anon-restrictiveclausesometimesfunctionsasaadverbialclauseexpressingthemeaningofcause,purpose,result,conditionandconcession,eg:ItisinlinewiththeCharter,whichrecognizesthevalueofregionaleffortstosolveproblemsandsettledisputes.(which…→forit…,asit…，expressingcause)Supplement1Only“that”inuse,not“which,who,whom”•1.Whentheantecedentisindefinitepronoun,suchasall,anything,everything,nothingetc.•That'sallthatIknow.•2.Whentheantecedentismodifiedby“theonly,thesame,theveryorno,little,much,any,every,all”•ThisistheonlyreasonthatIcansay.•3.Whentheantecedentismodifiedbyordinalnumeral/superlativedegree•Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistohelphim.•4.Whentheantecedentcontainsbothpersonandthing•Canyouseeamanandhishorsethatarecrossingthebridge?•5.Infixedstructure:thesame...that...;so...that...;such...that...;itis/was...that•Thisisthesamemuseumthatyouoncevisited.•6.antecedent+(that)therebe…•Thereisahousethathastwowindows.•7.当同位语从句一个句子中含有两个定语从句时,如前一个已用关系代词which,后一个关系代词宜用that,避免重复.但两个定语从句的结构如果平行,应重复同一个关系代词•I'llborrowabookwhichtellsabouttheheroicdeedsthatthePLAdidinthebattlesagainsttheinvaders.Supplement2•Noticethatwemustincludearelativepronouninanon-restrictiverelativeclause.•Wecanusewhoorwhomasobject,althoughwhomisveryformal.•E.g.ProfessorJohnson,who(m)Ihavelongadmired,istovisittheUniversitynextweek.•Whenweaddinformationaboutthings,wecanusewhichassubjectorobject.Thatisso