美国文学——人物介绍-Benjamine--Franklin-and-Thomas---Jeffer

BenjamineFranklinThomasJeffersonFranklinistheonlygoodAmericanauthorbeforetheRevolutionaryWar.ToAmerica,BenjaminFranklinisaverygreatandmeaningfulperson.（本杰明富兰克林,1706—1790）BenjaminFranklinLifeStyleAutobiographyLiteraryachievementsBenjaminFranklin,whomtheSoottishphilosopherDavidHumecalledAmerica’s“firstgreatmanofletters”.HecamefromaverysimpleCalvinistbackground.Bornin1706intoacandle-maker’sfamily——“poorandobscure”ashesaysofhimselfinhisAutobiography,sohehadverylittleformaleducation.HediedonApril17,1790attheageof84.FranklinwasararegeniusinAmericaandhisdentitycouldbevarious.scientistSuchasaprinter,postmaster,writer,essayist,scientist,orator,statesman,philosopher,politrcaleconomist,ambassador,parlorman,businessman,patriot,andmanoftheworld.statesmanwriterInordertoexploretheelectric,hehasmadeanexperimentwhichwaswell-knownaskiteexperiment.(风筝实验)Inordertostudythelawoftheelectric,hecreatedmanyspecifictermssuchaspositive(正电),negative（负电）,electricalconductors（导电体）,batteries（电池）,charger（充电）,SparkGM（放电）.Thesewordsbecametheworld'svocabularylater.HeparticipatedindraftingtheDeclarationofIndependence(《独立宣言》)andtheUnitedStatesConstitution.Heactivelyadvocatedfortheabolitionofslavery.HewasdeeplyrespectedbythepeopleoftheUnitedStates.Franklinhadadefinitegiftforwriting.Whileayouth,hetaughthimselflanguages,readwidely,andpracticedwritingforthepublic.Hisplaceinliteratureowesmuchtohisalmanacandautobiography.Hewasaveryhumorousmanwhoknewhowtousehishumortoachievesocialpurposes.PoorRichard’sAlmanacAutobiography（《穷理查历书》）Itwasfamousatthattimeandpubishedfrom1732to1785,andreflectedhishumorwell.ThisbookmadeFranklinprosperousandwell-knownthroughoutthecolonies.PoorRichard’sAlmanacisaself-helpbook,includingusefulencouragement,advice,andfactualinformation.ThisbookdescribedthelifeofamanwhowasnamedpoorRichardSaunders.RichardwasoneofcommonpeopleinAmerica.Soheknewthecommonpeopleandhewaswillingtogiveadviceincommom-sensewitticisms(诙谐语)andmaxims.ItwasintendedtoappealtothecommonmanofcolonoalAmerica.Eattolive,andnotlivetoeat.吃饭是为了活着，活着却不是为了吃饭。Wouldyoulivewithcase,dowhatyouought,andnotwhatyouplease.想过得好，懂得放弃是第一要义。Nomanwasglorious,whowasnotlaborious.吃得苦中苦，方为人上人Allthingsareeasytoindustry,allthingsdifficulttosloth.勤者无难事，懒惰事事难。Lookbefore,oryouwillfindyourselfbehind.不进步，则退步。Hethatcanhavepatience,canhavewhathewill.耐心成就一切。Itisabookontheartofself-improvement.Itisareflectionofthe18thcenturyidealism.ItisasignificantinAmericanliterature.Hisbestwriting,fullestexpositionofeconomicindividualismandsocialmobilityisfoundinhisAutobiographywhichwascompletedin4stagesbetween1771and1790.（《自传》）In1771,whenhewasvacationingwithhisfriendJonathanShipleyinEnglandforabouttwoweeks,hedecidedtousehisleisuretosetdownalongaccountofhisfamilybackgroundinformofaprivatelettertohissonWilliam.TheAutobiographycoversonlyhisearlyyears,ithas4parts.Inthefirstpart,hetoldhissonabouttheirfamilyheritage(遗产)，parentsandgrandparents,abouthisoriginalreligiousskepticism(怀疑论),abouthisexperiencesasanapprentice(学徒)tohisbrother,andotherfamilyanecdotes(奇闻，轶事).ThesecondpartwaswrittenaftertheWarofIndependence.Itdescribeshiseffortstolearnvirtuebyachartsystem.Thenin1788hewroteathirdpartof117pages,andin1790afewmonthsbeforehisdeath,headdedafourthpartwhichbringthestorydowntohisretirement.temperance（节制）silence（沉默寡言）order（生活有秩序）resolution（决断）frugality（俭朴）industry(勤劳)sincerity（诚恳）justice（正直）moderation（中庸）cleanliness（清洁）tranquility（宁静）chastity（贞节）humilityu（谦虚）Andheelaboratesoneachwithamaxim,forexample,thetemperancemaximis“EatnottoDullness.DrinknottoElevation”(食不过饱；饮酒不醉)一、节制。食不过饱；饮酒不醉。二、沉默寡言。言则于人于己有益，不作无益闲聊。三、生活有秩序。各样东西放在一定地方；各项日常事务应有一定的处理时间。四、决断。事情当做必做；既做则坚持到底。五、俭朴。花钱须于人于己有益，即不浪费。六、勤劳。不浪费时间；不去关注那些无聊的言论，每时每刻做有用之事，戒除一切不必要的行动。七、诚恳。不欺骗人；思想纯洁公正；说话也应诚实。八、正直。不做不利他人之事，切勿忘记履行对人有益的义务而伤害他人。九、中庸。勿走极端；受到应有的处罚，应当加以容忍。十、清洁。身体、衣服和住所应力求清洁。十一、宁静。勿因琐事或普通而不可避免的事件而烦恼。十二、贞节。切戒房事过度，勿伤害身体或有损自己或他人的安宁或名誉。十三、谦虚。效法耶稣和苏格拉底.Franklin’sliteratureworkwasthroughlytypicalofhimself.Hehadtalentsforirony,allegoryandfablethathecouldadaptwithgreatwilltothepromotionofmoralandpracticaltruth.Honest,plain,democratic,clear-headed,shrewd,wordlu-wise,andhumorous.（托马斯杰弗逊，1743—1826）ThomasJefferson,thethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1801—1809)andtheprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.ThomasJeffersonLifeDeclarationofIndependence.StyleHewasbornontheApril13,1743intheruralPiedmontregionoftheCommonwealthofVirginiaandgraduatedfromWilliamandMaryCollegein1762.Hismind,likeFranklin’s,rangedcuriouslyovermanyfieldsofknowledge—law,philosophy,government,architecture,education,science,agriculture,mechanics—andwhateverhetouched,heenrichedinsomemeasure.Hewasdeeplyinterestedinscienceandagriculturalexperimrnts.Hewasalsoanarchitect,scholarandeducator.Indeed,hefoundedtheUniversityofVirginiaandevendrewthearchitecturalplans.Whileinhispoliticalthinking,hebelievedinnaturalrights,politicalequality,naturalaltruism,andhealsobelievedthatthebestgovernmentwasthegovernmentthatgovernedleast.（《独立宣言》）Earlyinhislifehehadaninterestinpoetryandnovels,whichhelatergaveup.Andthen,in1776,hebegantodrafttheDecla