何家弘法律英语课件 第十课

2019/8/19法律英语1LessonTenTortLaw2019/8/19法律英语2Punishmentisjusticefortheunjust.AugustineBritishwriter惩罚是对正义的伸张。英国作家奥古斯丁2019/8/19法律英语3BackgroundTortThebreachofadutythatresultsinaninjuryforwhichthereisaremedyatlaw.–法律英语4Tortlaw州法律判例法联邦侵权索赔法2019/8/19法律英语5FederalTortclaimsActAstatutewhichremovedthepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoclaimimmunityfromalawsuitfordamagesduetonegligentorintentionalinjurybyafederalemployeeinthescopeofhis/herworkforthegovernment.–法律英语6TortIntentionaltortNegligenceornegligenttortStrictliabilitytortPersonaltortPropertytortRemedy-damages2019/8/19法律英语7Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims要求赔偿mostcivilsuits大多数民事诉讼tortlaw侵权法1.Automobileaccidents2019/8/19法律英语8ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律的考虑。儿童受伤2019/8/19法律英语9ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages补偿费和损害赔偿金Actualloss实际损害Intangibledamage无形损害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪审团的人性反应2019/8/19法律英语10Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。2019/8/19法律英语11Atortaction侵权诉讼Alengthyproceeding–诉讼程序时间长Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts–代价大（专家证人的酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）–判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）2019/8/19法律英语122.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion非法占有财产Personalinjury人身伤害Impliedcontract默示合同Personalinjury人身伤害Breachofwarranty违背保证诺言Recoveryofintangibledamage2019/8/19法律英语133.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,–每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,–在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.–但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。2019/8/19法律英语14TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA）2019/8/19法律英语154.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator(wrongfuldeathaction)继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。2019/8/19法律英语16“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令Apartyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasorhasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。2019/8/19法律英语17“dram-shopacts”DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:–personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,or–thosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving2019/8/19法律英语18Part2:IntentionalTorts故意侵权行为Battery殴打Assault侵犯他人身体Conversionofproperty非法侵占财产Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占动产、不动产Defamation诽谤Invasionofprivacy侵犯隐私权Productsliability产品质量责任2019/8/19法律英语19Part3:LiabilityforNegligence过失侵权的责任NegligentactInjuryCausality2019/8/19法律英语20Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”，没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样行事。过失2019/8/19法律英语21要考虑到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor–侵权者的特别专业资质ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker2019/8/19法律英语22DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必须对特定的原告负有照看义务Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是对广大公众负有照看义务（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小2019/8/19法律英语23Gueststatutes宾客法规Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.汽车司机对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照看责任。2019/8/19法律英语25Noclaimforcompensation不能要求赔偿Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence–共同过失hasassumedtherisk–预计到有危险2019/8/19法律英语26Contributorynegligence共同过失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligencecontributedtotheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident.–法律英语27Comparativenegligence比较过失共同过失辩护的严格性……已经因为一些州采用了“比较过失”原则而得到减弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.要求确定当事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此确定补偿金。2019/8/19法律英语28ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident.–法律英语29ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery.