英国文化

2020/2/231ASurveyoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland6.CultureofBritain2020/2/2326.CultureofBritainReligionThepress—ReutersThepress—newspapersThepress—politicsThepress—ScotlandThepress—theBBCMuseums&artgalleriesTheBeatlesLiterature2020/2/233•ReligionFreedomofreligiousbeliefandworship,andalsothefreedomtobeanon-believer,istakenforgrantedinmodernBritain.ThevastmajorityofpeopleinBritaindonotregularlyattendreligiousservices.Mostpeoplearenotactiveparticipantsinorganizedreligion.Amajorityofpeopleapproveofthefactthatreligiousinstructionatstateschoolsiscompulsory.2020/2/234•ReligionSurveyshavesuggestedthatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationbelieveinGodandathirdbelieveinconceptssuchaslifeafterdeath,heavenandhell.WiththenotableexceptionofNorthernIreland,aperson’sreligionhasalmostnopoliticalsignificance.2020/2/235•ReligionConventionalchurchservicesinBritainaretypicallyveryquiet,exceptwhenhymnsarebeingsung.Britishpeopleattendingchurchservicesabroadhaveoftenbeensurprisedbythenoisinessandlivelinessofthepeople,becausetheychatteramongthemselves,walkinandout…InBritain,respecthastraditionallybeenexpressedbysilenceandstillness.Manypeople,however,findtheatmosphereattraditionalservicesratherrepressiveandunwelcoming.2020/2/236•Thepress—ReutersTheoldestnewsagencyinLondonisReuters.Itwasfoundedin1851inLondonbytheGerman,JuliusvonReuter.HisservicespreadandReuterturneditintoacompany.ItisnowownedbynewspapersoftheUnitedKingdom,AustraliaandNewZealandandisusedbynewspapersallovertheworld.2020/2/237•Thepress—newspapersEachofthenationalnewspaperscanbecharacterizedasbelongingtooneof2distinctcategories:The“qualitypapers”,or“broadsheets”,satisfythebettereducatedreaders.The“popularpapers”,or“tabloids”,selltoamuchlargerreadership.Theycontainfarlessprintthanthebroadsheetsandfarmorepictures;theyuselargerheadlinesandwriteinasimplerstyleofEnglish.Whilethebroadsheetsdevotemuchspacetopoliticsandotherseriousnews,thetabloidsconcentrateon“humaninterest”stories,whichoftenmeansexandscandal.2020/2/238•Thepress—newspapersThereasonthatthequalitynewspapersarecalledbroadsheetsandthepopularonestabloidsisbecausetheyareofdifferentshapes.Thebroadsheetsaretwiceaslargeasthetabloids.2020/2/239•Thepress—politicsNoneofthebignationalnewspapers“belongs”toapoliticalparty.However,eachpaperhasanideaofwhatkindofreaderitisattractingandafairlypredictablepoliticaloutlook.Therefore,eachcanbeseenasoccupyingacertainposition.Inanycase,alargenumberofreadersarenotveryinterestedinthepoliticalcoverageofapaper.Theybuyitforthesport,orthe‘humaninterest’stories,orforsomeotherreason.2020/2/2310•Thepress—ScotlandThereisanexceptiontothedominanceofthenationalpressthroughoutBritain.ThisisinScotland,whereonepaper,theSundayPost,sellswelloveramillioncopies.Anotherweekly,ScotlandonSunday,alsohasalargecirculation.Thereare3othernotable“Scotlandonly”papers,but2ofthese,theGlasgowHeraldandtheScotsman,arequalitypaperswithsmallcirculationsandtheother,theDailyRecord,isactuallythesisterpaperoftheDailyMirror(London).2020/2/2311•Thepress—theBBCJustastheBritishParliamenthasthereputationforbeing“themotherofparliaments”,theBBCmightbesaidtobe“themotherofinformationservices”.Itsreputationforobjectivityinnewsreportingis,atleastwhencomparedtonewsbroadcastinginmanyothercountries,largelyjustified.2020/2/2312•Thepress—theBBCItistruethatitdependsneitheronadvertisingnor(directly)onthegovernmentforitsincome.Itgetsthisfromthelicensefeewhicheverybodywhousesatelevisionsethastopay.Then,in1932theBBCWorldServicewassetup,withalicensetobroadcastfirsttotheempireandthentootherpartsoftheworld.2020/2/2313Thepress—theBBCRadioRadio1beganbroadcastingin1967.Devotedalmostentirelytopopmusic,itsbirthwasasignalthatpopularyouthculturecouldnolongerbeignoredbythecountry’sestablishedinstitutions.Inspiteofrecentcompetitionfromindependentcommercialradiostations,itstillhasovertenmillionlisteners.Radio2broadcastsmainlylightmusicandchatshows.2020/2/2314Thepress—theBBCRadioRadio3isdevotedtoclassicalmusic.Radio4broadcastsavarietyofprograms,fromplaysandcomedyshowstoconsumeradviceprogramsandin-depthnewscoverage.Ithasasmallbutdedicatedfollowing.Radio5islargelygivenovertosportscoverageandnews.2020/2/2315•Thepress—theBBCTelevisionThereisnoadvertisingontheBBC.ButIndependentTelevision(ITV)whichstartedin1954,getsitsmoneyfromtheadvertisementsitscreens.Itconsistsofanumberofprivatelyownedcompanies,eachofwhichisresponsibleforprogrammingindifferentpartsofthecountryonthesinglechannelgiventoit.2020/2/2316•Museums&artgalleriesThemajormuseumsinLondonare:theBritishMuseumtheVictoria&AlbertMuseumtheNaturalHistoryMuseumtheScienceMuseum.ArtgalleriesinLondoninclude:theNationalGallerytheNationalPortraitGallerytheTateGallery.Mostmajortownsandcitieshavetheirownmuseumsandartgalleries.2020/2/2317•TheBeatlesThepeopleresponsibleforthepoprevolutioninBritainwere4LiverpoolboyswhojoinedtogetherinagroupandcalledthemselvesTheBeatles.Theyplayedinsmallclubsinthebackstreetsofthecity.TheBeatleswrotetheirownwordsandmusic.Theyhadaclosepersonalrelationshipwi