英国文学8.2 讲解Sonnet 18

WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)“Alltheworld'sastage,/Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”——WilliamShakespeareWilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)1.Hislife2.Hisliterarycareer3.Featuresofhisdrama4.TextStudy:Hamlet5.HisPoems6.TextStudy:Sonnet185.HisPoems1)Shakespearewrote2narrativepoemsand154sonnetswhichwereaddressedtoahandsomeyoungmanandadarklady.2)Hisplaysarepoeticaldramas,manyimportantdialoguesandsoliloquiesintheplaysassumetheformofpoetry.SonnetApoemconsistingof14lineswithrhymesarrangedaccordingtooneorotherofcertaindefiniteschemes,ofwhichthePetrarchanandtheElizabethanaretheprincipal,namely:(1)abbaabba,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremainingsixlines;(2)ababcdcdefefgg.ThesonnetsofShakespeareareinthelatterform.(seeP118-119)IambicPentameter抑扬格(iambic):如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb,iambic.）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。IambicPentameter英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。诗行的长短以音步数目计算：英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。（各种长短诗行的专门术语：一音步诗：monometer二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter五音步诗：pentameter六音步诗：hexameter七音步诗：heptameter八音步诗：octameter.）音步：我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。如Hewenttotowntobuyabook.I’mgladtohearthenews.英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗：Alone│shecuts│andbinds│thegrain,Andsings│ame│lancho│lystrain.这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。在分析一首诗的格律时，既要考虑此诗的基本音步类型，也要考虑此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗：AnEMPTYHOUSEAlexanderPopeYoubeat│yourpate,│andfan│cywit│willcome:Knockas│youplease,│there’sno│body│athome.（你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打，也无人把门打开。pate，脑袋。fancy，动词：以为，想象。）在此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambicpentameter）。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律（meter）。HamletOldwords:Thee,obj.,thou,sub.,thy=your,thine=yours,oryour(beforevowel).“You”tostrangersanduppers;“thou”intimateorfamiliarsandtoinferiorpeopleHamletOldwords:Dost/doest=do(2ndsing),doth/doeth=doesHast=have(2ndsing),hath=has,hadst=had(past)layst,mak’st,canst,whilstHamletOldwords:Ere=beforestill=alwaysoft=oftenHappily=haply=perhapseven=eveningmorn=morning6.TextStudy:Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;ShallIcompareyoutoasummer'sday?Youaremorelovelyandmoreconstant:RoughwindsshakethebelovedbudsofMayAndsummerisfartooshort:可否把你比作美丽的夏天？可你比夏天更加可爱如绣：狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠，夏天的租期不肯太长逗留，Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;Attimesthesunistoohot,Oroftengoesbehindtheclouds;Andeverythingbeautifulsometimewillloseitsbeauty,Bymisfortuneorbynature'splannedoutcourse.有时候苍之巨眼未免焦灼，他金色的脸也会经常暗退。所有的美丽总会不免衰落，偶然或永恒总将美丽残催。Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;Butyouryouthshallnotfade,Norwillyoulosethebeautythatyoupossess;Norwilldeathclaimyouforhisown,Becauseinmyeternalverseyouwillliveforever.但是你的妖艳会永不退萎。你不会失去你拥有的美丽，死神也惧把你送阴间吹擂；这时你将于诗中永存与日。Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Speakers’CornerSolongastherearepeopleonthisearth,Solongwillthispoemliveon,makingyouimmortal.只要人类呼吸，目放光芒，诗行也会同长，使你命芳。Sonnet18ofShakespeareStructureproposal(1-2)argument(3-12)conclusion(13-14)Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,——∨—∨—∨—∨—aAndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—bSonnet18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—dSonnet18Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;∨—∨—∨∨∨—∨—fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,∨∨——∨—∨∨∨—eWhenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;∨∨∨—∨—∨—∨—fSonnet18Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.∨—∨—∨—∨—∨—gRhetoricinsonnet181.simile2.rhetoricalquestion3.metaphor4.personification5.pun6.paradox7.alliteration8.hyperbole9.synecdoche10.inversionSonnet18WilliamShakespeareSomebasicconceptsaboutpoetryAsonnetisapoemoffourteenlineswithvariousrhymingschemes.Rhyme----thelikenessoftheendingsoundsofthepoeticlines.OldPoeticUseThou:“you”assubjectThee:“you”asobjectThy:“your”followedbyaconsonantThine:“your”followedbyavowelArt:areEst,st:secondpersonsingularHath:hasThispoemmightbedividedinto3parts.Questions①Analysetherhymingschemeandrhythmicpatternofthepoem.②Whydoesthewritercomparetheaddresseetoa“summer’sday”?③Whatistheresultofthecomparison?④Howdoyouunderstandthethemeofthepoem?ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?Thespeakeropensthepoemwith