非谓语动词语法讲解

非谓语动词语法讲解I.非谓语动词时态、语态形式对照表：及物与不及物语态类别时态vt.vi.主动语态被动语态主动语态ing一般式:(与谓语动词同时发生)makingbeingmadegoing完成式:(先与谓语动词之前发生)havingmade(不作定语）havingbeenmade(不作定语）havinggone(不作定语）ed只有一般式:(不强调时间先后，只说明原因、条件等)×made(表被动）gone(表完成）inf一般式:(与谓语动词(几乎)同时发生)tomaketobemadetogo完成式:(先与谓语动词之前发生)tohavemadetohavebeenmadetohavegone进行式:(在谓语动词动作发生时正在进行)tobemaking×tobegoing2.非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份成份类别主语宾语表语定语宾补状语时间条件原因目的结果方式让步伴随不定式×××现在分词××××过去分词××××动名词××1.非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.1.Toseeyouisglad.=It’sgladtoseeyou.2.Iwanttoseeyou.3.Iwanthimtoseeyou.4.Myhopeistoseeyou.5.Heisthemantoseeyou.6.I’mgladtoseeyou.7.Iwenttoseeyou.8.Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou（作主语）(作宾语）（作宾补）(作表语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）1.Swimmingishisfavouritesport.2.Heenjoysswimming.3.Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver.4.Hisfavouritesportisswimming.5.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.6.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.(作主语）(作宾语）(作宾补）(作表语）(作定语）(作状语）1.Thiscupisbroken.2.Thisisabrokencup.3.Ifoundthecupbroken.4.BrokenbyTom,thecupcan’tbeused.★过去分词一般不作主语、宾语.(作表语(作表语）(作宾语补足语）(作状语）3.分词的用法比较A.在时态上1.Chinaisadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping.2.Japanisadevelopedcountry=acountrywhichhasdeveloped.3.Ifoundhimgone.=thathehadgone.(表完成）ing分词表“进行”ed分词表“完成”▲B.在语态上，ing分词表“主动”，ed分词表“被动”（多为及物动词）1.Isawhimwritingashortnovel.=thathewaswritingashortnovel.2.HewasreadinganovelwrittenbyCharlesDickens.=whichwaswrittenbyCharlesDichens.▲在概念上，ing.表“抽象、习惯”,不定式表“具体、偶然、将来”.*Swimming(抽象）ismyfavouritesportandIlikeswimming(习惯）everyday,butIdon’tliketoswim(具体）today,Iwouldliketoswim(将来）tomorrow.▲C.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只能用作状语.Theplatformhavingbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.×1.Theplatformbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.√Theplatformwhichhasbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.√2.Havinggivenheropinionaboutthebuilding,sheleftthemeeting.Havingbeenusedforalongtime,thecomputerneedsrepairing.作定语作状语D.▲ed+主句（不强调时间先后）;Beinged+主句（强调主句和从句动作同时发生）;Havingbeened+主句（强调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替.1.UsedasameansoftrafficinChina,thebikeisveryuseful.WritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread2.Beingusedbymenow,thebikecan’tbelenttoyou.3.Havingbeenusedformanyyears,thebikeneedsrepairing.Havingbeentoldseveraltimes,可以写成=Toldseveraltimes,hecouldn’tunderstandwhatImeant.4.非谓语动词的用法区别不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：⑴.下列动词常用不定式作宾语：aim,ask,dare,appear,arrange,demand,help,hesitate,pay,plan,wait,fail,seek,prepare,happen,mean,prove,expect,wish,hope,decide,refuse,offer,learn,agree,choose,promise,pretend,manage,care,determine,afford等。如：Heofferedtohelpus.Ididn'texpecttofindyouhere．Theyrefusedtoaccepthisinvitation．Thelittleboypretendedtobeasleepwhenhismothercamein．(2)下列动词通常用~ing形式作宾语：admit,report,appreciate,deny,explain,mention,resist,stand,stop,imagine,recall,suggest,mind,finish,enjoy,keep,practise,miss,avoid,delay,excuse,escape,consider,advise等。如：1）Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere?2）Thegirlwastoldtopractiseplayingthepianoforthreehourseveryday．3）Goodnewskeepscoming.Tinasuggestedspendingtheweekendonherfarm．(3)下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义相近：like，love,hate,dislike,begin,start,prefer，continue,intend，attempt等.e.g：Iprefermaking(tomake)anoutlinebeforeIdomyoralcomposition．Wealllikeplaying(toplay)tabletennis．但也有细微区别：*指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为常用~ing形式.如：Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind．(惯常行为)Ihatetosayso，butreallyIcan'tgowithyou．(具体某次行为)Iprefertostayathometoday．(具体某次行为)Hepreferswalkingtocycling．(惯常行为)*一般说来不能用于进行时的动词如：realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式如：IbegantorealizeIhadbeenwrong.Wehatetolosethechance.Nowwearebeginningtoseeitmoreclearly.(4)下列动词接不定式与接~ing形式意义不同：①stoptodo停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事/stopdoing停下正在做的事e.g.：Seeinganoldmancarryingabigbag,Istoppedtohelphim．Hearingthebell,thestudentsstoppedplayingandranintotheclassroom．②forgettodo忘记做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘记曾做过某事(此事已做)Heforgottoposttheletterwhenhewalkedpastthepostoffice．I'llneverforgetseeinghimforthefirsttime．③remembertodo记得要做某事(此事未做)/rememberdoing记得某事已做过(此事已做)e.g.：Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere．Youmustremembertotakeyourumbrellawhenyouleavehome．④goontodo继续做另一件事goondoing接着做同一件事e.g.：Shestoodupandshookhandswithme,andthenshewentonwritingsomething．AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel．⑤trytodo企图／想做某事trydoing试着做某事(看看有什么后果发生)e.g.：Wetriedtopersuadehimtogowithus,buthewouldn’tlisten．Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.⑥meantodo(意思是)打算做某事meandoing意味着做某事e.g.：Revolutionmeanslibratingtheproductiveforce．Sorry,Ididn'tmeantohurtyou．⑦regrettodo遗憾地做某事(通常后接say,tell等动词)/regretdoing后悔做了某事e.g.：Iregrettotellthatyoudidn’tpasstheexamagain．Heregrettedhavingtoldherthebadnews．(5)动词如：(permit,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider)advisesbtodosth\advisedoingsth①advisesbtodosthe.g.：Thedoctoradvisedmenottogotobedtoolate.Pleasepermitmetointroducemyselftoyoufirst．Yousurelycan'tconsiderhimtobeaselfishman．Myparentsforbidmetostayoutaftermid-night．Iallowedthechildrentoplayinmyroomforanotherfiveminutes.*注意：*在imagine／consider后通常用“tobe…”作宾语补足语。tobe有时可省略。e.g.：You'dbetterimagineyourself(tobe)inhisplace．Thesituationwasconsidered(tobe)prettygood．*在consider后，作宾补不定式主要是tobe，行为动词todo则多用tohavedone形式。如:Weallconsideredhimtohavetoldalie.advise／permit／allow／admit／forbid／imagine／considerdoings