写作教程第二版(邹申)-Unit-8-Education

MadebyPizza.CUnit8EducationClassificationMadebyPizza.CUnitObjectivesDefinitionofClassificationFunctionofClassificationFeaturesofClassificationOrganizationofClassificationHowtochooserightexamplesTransitionalphrasesMadebyPizza.CWarm-upActivitiesAccordingtoDifferentkindsofbooksSubjectMattersLanguageBindingTargetReaderWriter’sGenderLocation……dictionaries,literature,textbooks…Englishbooks,Chinesebooks,Japanesebooks…hardbacks,paperbacks…Booksforteachersonly,booksforstudents,booksforpost-graduatestudents,booksforresearchers…Booksbyfemalewriters,booksbymalewriters…Booksinthelendingsection,booksinthereferenceroom,booksinthestudents’readingroom…MadebyPizza.C•Toclassifyistosortthingsintocategoriesaccordingtotheirdifferentcharacteristics.•Inagoodclassificationthepartsmustbeparallel,andtheyshouldadduptothewholesubject.•Let’strytoanalysisaparagraph.DefinitionofClassificationMadebyPizza.C•Therearethreekindsofbookowners.Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbestsellers---unread,untouched.(Thisdeludedindividualownswoodpulpandink,notbooks.)Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks---afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinnyasthedaytheywerebought.(Thispersonwouldprobablyliketomakebookshisown,butisrestrainedbyafalserespectfortheirphysicalappearance.)Thethirdhasafewbooksormany---everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenedbycontinualuse,markedandscribbledinfromfronttoback.(Thismanownsbooks.)Thewriteistrytobehumorous.Hiswayofclassifyinghisclassmates:Unscientificbutsuitedtohispurpose.MadebyPizza.C•Classificationisthedivisionofatopicintosmallergroupsaccordingtothecommonfeaturesinordertomakeacentralpoint.Itmeanssub-dividingasubjectintoitstypes，kinds，divisions，orgroups.Theessentialcharacteristicofalogicclassificationistheuseofsomedistinguishingfeaturestoseparateonesetofitemsfromanother.Atypeorgroupcanhavenomeaningifitsmembersdonotsharesomecommontraitsorfeaturesnotpresentinothers.Classificationenablesustoseethingsclearer—toidentifythepatternbehindseeminglyrandomeventsoroccurrences.FeaturesofClassificationMadebyPizza.C•AccordingtoXiaoLi，thefifteenstudentsinhisclassfallintothreegroups.Sevenofthemworkhardandstudywell.Theyalwaysgetgoodmarksinexaminationsandareoftenpraisedbytheteachers.Licallsthem“goodstudents”.Themonitor，thesecretaryoftheYouthLeaguebranch，andthecaptainoftheclassvolleyballteam，arequickinfindingoutwhattheirfellowstudentsareinterestedinorwhattheyshoulddoasagroup.Theyalwaysorganizeproperactivitiesatthepropertime，soLicallsthem“goodorganizers”.Fourotherstudentsareverykindtotheirclassmates，alwaysreadytolendthemahelpinghand.Theyhelptocleantheclassroomandthecorridorevenwhentheyarenotonduty.Lisaysthattheyare“goodfellows”.“Whataboutyourself？”someoneaskshim.“I’magroupbymyself—agoodobserver.”1.HowdoesXiaoLiclassifyhisclassmates？2.Howdoesheorganizehiswriting？MadebyPizza.C•1.Establishingthewritingpurpose---Mosttopicscanbeclassifiedinmanydifferentways.Howtoclassifyatopicdependsonyourpurposebecauseyouclassifyinformationinordertomakeapoint.Thepurposeofaclassificationessaycanbetoinformortopersuade.HowtochooserightexamplesMadebyPizza.C•2.Selectingaprincipleofclassificationconsistentwithyourpurpose---Bytheprincipleofclassification，wemeanthedistinguishingfeaturesusedtodeterminemembershipinitstypes，kinds，orgroups.Tobemeaningful，aclassificationmustgroupelementsaccordingtosomeprinciples，whichprovidethelogicfortheclassification.•3.Creatingcategories---Onceyouaregivenatopic，youwillcreatecategoriesbyorganizingelementsaccordingtoacommonfeature.Decidehowtoorganizeelementsofyourtopicintocategories.Withyourcategoriescreated，identifycommonfeaturesofeachcategoryMadebyPizza.C•4.Writingathesisstatement---Athesisstatementforaclassificationessayshoulddooneormoreofthefollowing：1.Statethetopicandthecategoriesofclassification2.Presentthecommonfeaturesthatarethebasisoftheclassification3.Explainwhytheclassificationisimportant4.IdentifyrelationshipsbetweencategoriesMadebyPizza.C•Thesis(controllingidea)•I.Introduction•II.Mainidea•A.Sub-idea•B.Sub-idea•1.Supportingdetail•2.Supportingdetail•III.Mainidea•A.Sub-idea•B.Sub-idea•1.Supportingdetail•2.Supportingdetail•3.Supportingdetail•C.Sub-idea•IV.ConclusionMadebyPizza.C•西奥多·德莱塞（TheodoreDreiser，1871～1945），美国现代小说的先驱和代表作家被认为是同海明威、福克纳并列的美国现代小说的三大巨头。生于印第安纳州特雷霍特镇。父亲是贫苦的德国移民。他在公立学校接受了早期教育，以后进印第安纳大学学习。一生的大部分时间从事新闻工作。走遍芝加哥、匹兹堡、纽约等大城市，广泛深入地观察了解社会，为日后的文学创作积累了丰富的素材。出生于一个移民家庭。少年生活贫穷，常遭邻居歧视，这在他以后的作品中留下很深的烙印。酷爱读书，21岁成为一位报社记者。23岁发表了他的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》。MadebyPizza.C•ThenoveldepictstheruralgirlCarriecametoChicagotofindthewell-beingofcities,inordertoescapepoverty,sellingtheirvirginity,cohabitatingwithasalesmanandahotelmanagersuccessively,andthenwiththebeautifulvoicetobecomeasinger.•Livinginapoorandintenselyreligiousfamily,Dreiserhadaveryunhappychildhood.AworldofjunglewherekillortobekilledwasthelawcanbefoundinDreiser'sfictions.InSisterCarrieDreiserexpressedhisnaturalisticpursuitbyexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflifeandattackingtheconventionalmoralstandards.SisterCarriebestembodiesDreiser'snaturalisticbeliefthatwhilemenarecont