英语国家社会与文化入门下册

UNIT34InwhatwaydidPuritanisminfluenceAmericanculture?NewEnglandalsoestablishedanotherAmericantradition—astrainofoftenintolerantmoralism.ThePuritansbelievedthatgovernmentsshouldenforceGod'smorality.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adulterers,violatorsoftheSabbathandotherreligiousbelieversdifferentfromthemselves.RogerWilliams,oneofthePuritanswhoprotestedthatthestateshouldnotinterferewithreligion,wasdrivenoutofMassachusetts.In1635,hesetupRhodeIslandcolony,whichguaranteedreligiousfreedomandtheseparationofchurchandstate.ThePuritansalsohaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.5.whatweresomecausesoftheAmericanRevolution1)Long-termsocial,economic,andpoliticalchangesinthecoloniesbefore1750providedthebasisforanindependentnationwithrepresentativespoliticalinstitutions.2)Moreimmediately,theFrenchandIndianWar(1754-1763)changedtherelationshipbetweenthecoloniesandtheirmothercountry.3)Finally,adecadeofconflictsbetweentheBritishgovernmentandthecolonist,beginningwiththeStampActcrisisin1765,ledtotheoutbreakofwarin1775andtheDeclarationofIndependenceinUNIT43.WhataresomeofthemajorpowersofeachofthethreebranchesoftheU.S.government?Howarethethreebranchessupposedtocheckandbalanceeachother?IfCongressproposesalawthatthepresidentthinksisunwise,thepresidentcanvetoit.Thatmeanstheproposaldoesnotbecomelaw.Congresscanenactthelawdespitethepresident'sviewsonlyiftwo-thirdsofthemembersofbothhousesvoteinfavorofit.IfCongresspassesalawwhichisthenchallengedinthecourtsasunconstitutional,theSupremeCourthasthepowertodeclarethelawunconstitutionalandthereforenolongerineffect.Thepresidenthasthepowertomaketreatieswithothernationsandtomakeallappointmentstofederalpositions,includingthepositionofSupremeCourtjustice.TheSenate,however,mustapprovealltreatiesandconfirmallappointmentsbeforetheybecomeofficial.InthiswaytheCongresscanpreventthepresidentfrommakingunwiseappointmentsUNIT7Americanliterature2.whattheoriesdoesRalphEmersonexplaininhisessays?IntheessayEmersonclearlyexpressesthemainprinciplesofhisTranscendentalistpursuitandhislovefornature.EmersondevelopshisconceptofOver-SoulOrUniversalMind.Lastbutnottheleas,itaffirmsthedivinityofthehumanbeings5WhataresomeofthemajorthemesinnovelswrittenbytheLostGeneration?TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribethegenerationofyoungmenandwomenwhocametomaturityinthe20s.SomeofthemfoughtinWorldWarI.Theybecamedisgustedwithwaranddisillusionedwiththepost-warsociety.Theysharedthesamesenseofdislocation,rootlessnessanddisillusionment.UNIT8Education1.WhatisthegoalofeducationintheUnitedStates?DiscussthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinGreatBritain,theUnitedStatesandChinaconcerningthegoalsofeducation.Thegoalis—andhasbeensincetheearlydecadesoftherepublic—toachieveuniversalliteracyandtoprovideindividualswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytopromoteboththeirownindividualwelfareaswellasthatofthegeneralpublic.Thoughthisgoalhasnotyetbeenfullyachieved,itremainsanidealtowardwhichtheAmericaneducationalsystemisdirected.Theprogresswhichhasbeenmadeisnotablebothforitsscopeandfortheeducationalmethodswhichhavebeendevelopedintheprocessofachievingit.2DiscussthesocialandculturalvaluesembodiedintheDreaming.讨论社会和文化价值在做梦中的体现Membershipinaparticularlanguagegroupwasofgreatsocialandculturalsignificance.Traditionally,languagesbelongtotractsofcountrywhich,inthebeliefsystemoftheDreaming,havebeenputintheirplacesbyDreamtimecreatorfigures.