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Chapter19TheMolecularMechanismofCellularSignalTransductionFengtianHeDepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiologyCollegeofBasicMedicalSciencesThirdMilitaryMedicalUniversity(细胞信号转导的分子机制)11.溶血性黄疸(hemolyticjaundice)2.阻塞性黄疸(obstructivejaundice)3.肝细胞性黄疸(hepatocellularjaundice)Review各种黄疸时血、尿、粪中某些指标的改变指标正常溶血性黄疸肝细胞性黄疸阻塞性黄疸血清胆红素总量1mg/dl1mg/dl结合胆红素0~游离胆红素1mg/dl尿三胆尿胆红素––尿胆素原少量尿胆素少量粪便颜色正常深改变不大1mg/dl改变不大++完全阻塞时陶土色1mg/dl++不一定不一定变浅或正常Chapter19TheMolecularMechanismofCellularSignalTransduction(细胞信号转导的分子机制)TheReferenceWebsites★★(DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology)★(信号转导概述)10HumanindividualsSocialityCommunication,cooperationCells“Sociality”Communication,cooperationFinishprojectsuccessfullyPlayfunctionefficientlyOverview11Whenenvironmentchanges:Monad(单细胞)——respondsdirectly.Multicellular(多细胞)organisms——signalthroughelaboratesystemofintercellular(细胞间)orintracellular(细胞内)communication,andconsequentlyregulatefunctionsoforganisms.12SignalingmoleculeReceptoroftargetcellIntracellularmoleculeBiologicaleffectSignaltransduction13Signaltransduction(信号转导):referstoanyprocessbywhichacellconvertsonekindofsignalsorstimulusintoanother.Mostprocessesofsignaltransductioninvolveorderedsequencesofbiochemicalreactionsinsidethecell,whicharecarriedoutbyenzymes,activatedbysecondmessengers,resultinginasignaltransductionpathway.针对内外源信息所发生的细胞应答过程。14YearRecipientPrizeAreaofResearch2000A.Carlsson,P.Greengard,E.KandelM&PSignaltransductioninthenervoussystem1999G.BlobelM&PSignalhypothesisofproteintranslocation1998R.Furchgott,L.Ignarro,F.MuradM&PRoleofNOascellularmessenger1994A.Gilman,M.RodbellM&PStructureandfunctionofGTP-binding(G)proteins1992E.Fischer,E.KrebsM&PAlterationofenzymeactivitybyphosphorylation/dephosphorylation1971E.W.SutherlandM&PMechanismofhormoneactionandcyclicAMP2001L.H.Hartwell,R.T.Hunt,P.M.NurseM&Pkeyregulatorsofthecellcycle2002S.Brenner,H.R.Horvitz,J.E.SulstonM&PApoptosis2004RichardAxel,LindaB.BuckM&PfortheirdiscoveriesofodorantNobelprizesawardedforresearchinsignaltransduction15SignalTransduction1.Signalingmolecules2.Receptors3.Signaltransductionpathways16OutlineTheoverviewofsignaltransductionSigalmoleculesReceptorSignaltransductionpathwaySignaltransductionandmedicalscience17Section2SignalingMolecules(信号分子)18Signalingmolecules•Signalingmolecules,releasedbysignal-producingcells,reachandtransferbiologicalsignalstotheirtargetcellstoinitiatespecificcellularresponses.19Classificationofsignalingmolecules•Extracellular/intercellularmolecules(细胞外/间信息分子)(Alsocalledfirstmessenger)•Intracellular(细胞内)molecules201.Extracellularmolecules(1)Basedonchemicalproperty(化学特性)●Protein&peptides(肽类):Hormone,cytokine(细胞因子)●AA&itsderivatives:Gly,Glu,adrenaline(肾上腺素),thyroxin(甲状腺素)●Steroidhormone(类固醇激素):Sexhormone,glucocorticoid(糖皮质激素)●Fattyacidderivatives(脂酸衍生物):prostaglandin(PG,前列腺素)●Gases(气体):NO,CO21◆Gaseous(气体)signal•Simplestructure,halflifeisshortandactiveinchemistry.•SuchasNO,CO.22证实NO是一种重要信息分子的传奇过程①1846年,意大利化学家Sobrebro发明了硝酸甘油,该物质是一种极不稳定的能够引起爆炸的液体;②1867年,诺贝尔发明了安全使用硝酸甘油的方法,即将硝酸甘油同二氧化硅混合在一起,从而使液态的硝酸甘油变成了半固体状硝酸甘油炸药。同年,Brunton发现亚硝酸戊酯可缓解心绞痛,同时可以降低血压;③1879年,英国的WilliamMurrell提出,硝酸甘油经稀释后可变成一种无爆炸性的物质,该稀释物可作为心绞痛的长效治疗药;④1896年12月,在诺贝尔去世前不到两个月的一天,他给一位同事留言:“医生给我开的药竟是硝酸甘油,难道这不是对我一生巨大的讽刺吗?他们为了不使化学家和公众感到恐惧,因此把这种药称为三硝酸甘油”;⑤1977年,FeridMurad证实硝酸甘油可通过产生NO而扩张血管;⑥1980年,Furchgott和Zawadzki发现了内皮细胞来源的松血管因子(endothelium-derivedrelaxingfactor,EDRF);⑦1986年,Ignarro和Furchgott分别独立提出“EDRF可能就是NO”。同年,Moncada巧妙地证明了EDRF就是NO,并因此获得诺贝尔奖提名;⑧1990年,Bredt和Snyder发现并纯化NOS;⑨1992年,Science杂志将NO列为当年的年度分子;⑩1998年,RobertFurchgott,FeridMurad和LouisIgnarro三人因研究“一氧化氮是如何作为一种信息分子而发挥作用”方面的重要贡献而共获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。23FeridMuradRobertF.FurchgottLouisJ.Ignarro德克萨斯大学休斯顿医学院美国纽约州立大学药学系/健康科学中心加州大学洛杉矶分校药学院“伟哥”之父“伟哥”之父与康宝莱公司合作生产NO补充品241.Extracellularmolecules(2)Basedonmodeofaction(作用方式)●Endocrine(内分泌)signal●Paracrine(旁分泌)signal:localchemicalmediators(局部化学介质)●Autocrine(自分泌)signal:localchemicalmediators●Synapticsignal(突触分泌信号):neurotransmitters(神经递质)●Cellsurfacemolecule(接触信号)25◆Endocrine(内分泌)signal•Secretedbyendocrinecells.•Reachtargetcellsbybloodcirculation.•Timeofactionislong.•Suchasinsulin(胰岛素),thyroxin,adrenalin26◆Paracrine(旁分泌)signal(localchemicalmediators)•Secretedbycommoncells.•Reachneighboringtargetcellsbypassivediffusion(扩散).•Timeofactionisshort.•SuchasGF(生长因子),PG(前列腺素)27◆Autocrine(自分泌)signal•Secretedbycommoncells.•Actb
本文标题:细胞信号传导的分子技术
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