法律英语课件 (13)

2019/8/19法律英语1LessonFiveConstitution2019/8/19法律英语2Nosocietycanmakeaperpetualconstitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.ThomasJefferson,Americapresident没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。美国总统杰斐逊T2019/8/19法律英语3BackgroundCommonLaw-EquityLawSubstantiveLaw-ProceduralLawPublicLaw-PrivateLaw法律分类Constitution2019/8/19法律英语4HistoryoftheConstitutionArticlesofConfederationandPerpetualUnion联邦条例(1777)2019/8/19法律英语5HistoryoftheConstitutionTHEUNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION(1789)2019/8/19法律英语8HistoryoftheConstitutionAmendments(1-27)THEFIRST10AMENDMENTSTOTHEU.S.CONSTITUTIONBILLOFRIGHTS权利和自由修正案2019/8/19法律英语9PartOne:Theconstitutionassupremelawsupremelawoftheland.宪法是美国最高法律。WhenstateconstitutionsorlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongressconflictwiththefederalConstitution,theyhavenoforce.没有效力2019/8/19法律英语10DecisionshandeddownbytheSupremeCourt……haveconfirmedandstrengthened“Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy”联邦最高法院宣布的决定证实并加强了宪法至上原则。2019/8/19法律英语11FinalauthorityisvestedintheAmericanpeople.最终权力属于美国人民…changethefundamentallawamendingtheConstitution修改宪法draftinganewone起草新宪法2019/8/19法律英语12Theday-to-daybusinessofgovernmentisdelegatedbythepeopletopublicofficials.人民将日常政治工作委托给公务员。Elected选举Appointed委任2019/8/19法律英语13PublicofficialsPowerislimited.权力受限制。TheirpublicactionsmustconformtotheConstitutionandtothelawsmadeinaccordwiththeConstitution.他们的公共行为必须符合宪法和依照宪法制定的法律。2019/8/19法律英语14Electedofficialsmuststandforre-electionatperiodicintervals,whentheirrecordsaresubjecttointensivepublicscrutiny.选举产生的官员要接受定期重新选举，其政绩要受到公众全面监督。2019/8/19法律英语15Appointedofficialsserveatthepleasureofthepersonorauthoritywhoappointedthem,andmayberemovedwhentheirperformanceisunsatisfactory.委任的官员应该让任命他们的人或机构满意。如果他们的政绩令人不满意，他们就会被撤职。ExceptionJusticesoftheSupremeCourtandotherfederaljudgesLifetimeappointment2019/8/19法律英语16BallotboxTheAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox.美国人通过投票箱表达他们的意愿。2019/8/19法律英语17Theprocessofimpeachment弹劾程序removalofapublicofficialfromoffice将一个政府官员撤职Incaseofextrememisconductormalfeasance——严重失职或渎职2019/8/19法律英语18宪法第２条第４项：总统、副总统和合众国的所有文职官员，凡受叛国、贿赂或其他重罪轻罪的弹劾并被判定有罪时，应被免职。Treason叛国罪Bribery受贿罪Misdemeanor轻罪Otherhighcrimes其他重罪2019/8/19法律英语19ImpeachmentHouseofRepresentativesvoteabillofimpeachment.众议院投票通过弹劾议案Senate,withtheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatespresidingatthetrail.在参议院，由首席大法官主持审判众议院是作为起诉人的角色，而参议院充当弹劾法庭的角色2019/8/19法律英语20ImpeachmentDrasticmeasure严厉措施Only13U.S.officialshavebeenimpeached只有13名联邦官员受到弹劾JudgesAssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtSecretaryofWarSenatorpresident2019/8/19法律英语21参议院的审理结果是：９名法官中，４人被宣判有罪而被免职，５人被宣布无罪；以无管辖权为由驳回了众议院对参议员的起诉；以一票之差宣告约翰逊总统无罪；宣告陆军部长无罪。2019/8/19法律英语26ThreebranchesofthenationalgovernmentLegislative立法机关Executive执法机关Judicial司法机关2019/8/19法律英语272019/8/19法律英语28Part2:TheprinciplesofgovernmentThreemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparatedanddistinctfromoneanother.三个主要的政府机构相互独立和区别。Thepowersgiventoeacharedelicatelybalancedbythepowersoftheothertwo.给予一个机构的权力受到另两个机构的微妙制约。2019/8/19法律英语29Eachbranchservesasacheckonpotentialexcessesoftheothers.每一个部门都作为对其他部门可能滥用职权的制约。2019/8/19法律英语32宪法至上TheConstitution,law……,andtreatiesenteredintobythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate,standsaboveallotherlaws,executiveactsandregulations.宪法、按照宪法规定通过的法律以及总统签署、参议院批准的条约高于其他法律、行政法和条例。2019/8/19法律英语33EqualAllmenareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前人人平等。Allmenareequallyentitledtolaw’sprotection.所有人都有权享有法律的保护。Allstatesareequal.所有的州都平等。2019/8/19法律英语34Stategovernment，likethefederalgovernment,mustberepublicaninform,withfinalauthorityrestinginthepeople.与联邦政府一样，州政府形式上必须是共和制，最终权力归于人民。2019/8/19法律英语35Part3:ProvisionsofAmendmentChangeswouldbeneededfromtimetotimeiftheConstitutionweretoendureandkeeppacewiththegrowthofthenation.宪法要想保持活力并跟得上国家发展的步伐，就必须不断改变。2019/8/19法律英语36Theprocessofchangesshouldnotbefacile太容易permittingill-conceived允许设计不周到hastilypassedamendments仓促通过修正案Aminoritycouldnotblockactiondesiredbymostofthepeople2019/8/19法律英语37AdualprocesstochangetheConstitutionCongressmayinitiateanamendment国会提起宪法修改动议ThelegislaturesofstatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.州立法机关要求国会召开国民大会讨论并起草修正案Approvedby¾ofthestates¾的州认可后才能生效2019/8/19法律英语38Asidefromthedirectprocessofchangingtheconstitutionitself,Theeffectofitsprovisionsmaybechangedbyjudicialinterpretation除了直接改变宪法本身外，通过司法解释，可以改变宪法条款的效果。2019/8/19法律英语39Thedoctrineofjudicialreview司法审查原则LandmarkcaseWilliamMarburyJamesMadisonvs.2019/8/19法律英语40InMarburyvs.Madison,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshallestablishedtheprincipleofjudicialreviewoftheconstitutionalityofactsofCongress.ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall(1755-1835)2019/8/19法律英语41judicialreview司法审查权ThepoweroftheCourttointerpretactsofCongressanddecidetheirconstitutionality.司法审查权是联邦最高法院解释国会行为并确定国会行为合宪性的权力。2019/8/19法律英语42judicialreview司法审查权ThepoweroftheCourttoexplainthemeaningofvarioussectionsoftheConstitutionastheyapplytochanginglegal,political,economicandsocialconditions.司法审查权包含最高法院解释宪法各部分在改变法律、政治、经济和社会环境方面作用的权力。2019/8/19法律英语43•AseriesofCourtdecisionshashadtheeffectofalteringthethrustofconstitutionallaw,withnosubstantivechangeintheConstitutionitself.•最高法院裁决……有改变宪法指向的效果，但并没有使宪法本身发生实质性变化。2019/8/19法律英语44Congressionallegi