高速铁路地基加固方案设计

WritingLecture1TopicSentence主题句段落的构成topicsentencesupportingsentencesordevelopingsentencesconcludingsentence主题句又称主旨句或关键句，是一个段落中最重要的句子，是段落的“纲”。说明段落的中心思想和作者的写作目的，是段落发展的依据。段落的每句话都应紧密地联系主题句所表达的中心内容。•Topicsentence=atopic+acontrollingideaaboutthetopic•主题句=主题+中心思想•主题：段落所谈的话题，问题•中心思想：限定话题的范围，确定话题的发展方向。整个段落都以这个中心思想为依据，围绕它进行。中心思想用关键词(keywords)来表达。TheformationofatopicsentenceHowtomakeatopicsentence•主题句的写作技巧•主题句的写法:---主题句应尽量清晰明了,简练,用词准确，力求用一句话清楚地表达该段的中心。•主题句位于段首:---开门见山，点出主题。•表示人的名词或代词主语的句子•表示物的名词做主语的句子•用动名词短语来表达主题，做主语。•用“There+be+名词”句型来写主题句。•用Itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.句型•例如:(1)Thediscussionaboutelectronicdictionarieshasneverstoppedinthepastfewyears.•(2)Thebiggestadvantageofanelectronicdictionaryisitsconvenience.•(3)However,thenegativeeffectsarealsoobvious.•注意:第一句中的表示物的名词做主题句;第二句中的关键词advantage和第三句中的negativeeffects表达中心思想.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofElectronicDictionary1.电子辞典的优点2.电子辞典的缺点3.我的结论(1)本文写作提示:角度一是遵循模版。采用以上模版套用题目分析优点和缺点,得出结论。(2)本文写作提示:角度二是考虑文章中的主题句。写好主题句是文章成功的关键。Practice•Thediscussionabout…hasneverstoppedinthepastfewyears.Let’shavealookatitsadvantagesanddisadvantagesbeforedrawingthefinalconclusion.•Thebiggestadvantageof….What’smore….•However,thenegativeeffectsareobvious.Tobeginwith,….Inthesecondplace,….Finally,….•Upuntilnow,wecanseeitclearlythat….Thekeyliesintheuser---solongaswecanmakeproperuseofit,itcanbemosthelpfultousinmanyrespects.ReferenceModel(1)(1)Thediscussionaboutelectronicdictionarieshasneverstoppedinthepastfewyears.Let’shavealookatitsadvantagesanddisadvantagesbeforedrawingthefinalconclusion.(2)Thebiggestadvantageofanelectronicdictionaryisitsconvenience.Wheneveryoumeetnewwordsorexpressions,youcanknowthemeaningquickly.What’smore,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,electronicdictionariesarebecomingmoreandmoreadvanced:theycanpronouncethewordsclearly,providesamplesentencestoReferenceModel(2)illustratewordsusageandstoredifficultwordsforspecialmemorization.Lastbutbynomeanstheleast,electronicdictionariesarebecomingcheaper,andmoreandmorestudentscanaffordthem.(3)However,thenegativeeffectsarealsoobvious.Tobeginwith,somestudentsrelytoomuchontheelectronicdictionary---theyneverputtheirheartintolearningnewwordsandexpressions.Inthesecondplace,someexplanationsareneithercompletenoraccurate,ReferenceModel(3)whicharequitemisleading.Finally,newtechnicalinventionsdonotnecessarilyleadtoprogressinlearning.Diligenceisalwaysthedecisivefactor,because“Thereisnoroyalroadtolearning”.Upuntilnow,wecanseeitclearlythatelectronicDictionaryisnotbeneficialorharmfulinitself.Thekeyliesintheuser---solongaswecanmakeproperuseofit,itcanbemosthelpfultousinmanyrespects.TheEffectsofExerciseonOurHealth1.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的益处。2.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的坏处。3.给出如何参加体育锻炼的建议。SamplewritingTheEffectsofExerciseonOurHealth1)Asisknowntoall,exercisedoesbringalotofbenefitstoourhealth.2)First,itcangreatlystrengthenourhearts,lungs,bonesandmuscles,therebychangingourwholehealthforthebetter.3)Besides,itcanmakeourbrainsbetterabletoreacttowhatisgoingonaroundus.4)Andbestofall,itcanhelpusbreedoptimismaboutourtoughlife.Referencemodel5)Butalltheabovedoesnotmeanthatwecanturnablindeyetothenegativeeffectsexercisebringsabout.6)Ifyouarenormallyinactiveandthen,contrarytoyourusualhabit,startaprogramofundueexercise,asasuccessionofscientificstudiesreveals,therearemorechancesthatyouhaveyourselfinjured.7)Inaddition,themoreexercisethoseonafat-reducingdiettake,themorelossofirontheywillsufferandtheworsetheirhealthwillget.8)Andworstofall,continualaswellasexcessiveexercisecanresultinsuddendeath.9)Therefore,ascientificapproachmustbeadoptedtotheproblemofexercise.10)Ontheonehand,ourphysicalexercisemustbebasedonbothprogressivenessandregularity.11)Ontheother,wemustgoinforphysicalexerciseaccordingtolocalaswellashealthconditionsofourown.12)Insum,exercisecandousgoodorharm,alldependingonhowwemakeuseofit.WritingLecture2表示举例说明的过渡语表示递进关系的过渡语表示对比对照的过渡语表示因果关系的过渡语Writing过渡语过渡语可以是词，短语，也可以是一个句子。通过使用过渡语可以使文章更紧凑，脉络更清楚。过渡语表示结论的过渡语表示转折的过渡语表示举例说明的过渡语表示递进关系的过渡语inaddition,furthermore,moreover,besides,also,what’smorenotonly,butalso,similarly;another…is…isalsoafactorforexample,forinstance,foronething,toillustrate,asanillustration,acaseinpointLet’stake…asanexample;take…forexample…isatypicalexampleof…表示对比对照的过渡语表示因果关系的过渡语incontrast,bycontrast,ontheotherhand,incomparison,onthecontrary,unlike,conversely,like,contraryto,whereas,while…differ/varygreatly/vastlyfrombecauseof,onaccountof,dueto,owingto,thanksto,for,because,since,as,forthisreasontherefore,asaresult,consequently,inconsequence,accordingly,hence,thus,soThereasonswhy/for…are/liein…表示结论的过渡语表示转折的过渡语tosumup,toconclude,tosummarizeinsum,insummary,inconclusion,inall,inaword,inshort,inbriefWecancometotheconclusionthat….Aconclusioncanbereachedthat….though,although,eventhough,however,nevertheless,nonethelessAseverythinghastwosides,weshouldnotneglecttheothersideofthecoinLet’slookattheothersideofthecoin.Practice•ShouldFirecrackerBeBanned?•1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？•2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？•3.我的看法•(1)本文写作提示:角度一是遵循模版。采用以上•模版套用题目分析优点和缺点,得出结论。•(2)本文写作提示:角度二是段落中句与句的过渡。•过渡语的应用使句与句，段与段之间衔接更•紧密，更具有连接性。Practice•T