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Bradley,TravisG.2005.InExperimentalandTheoreticalApproachestoRomanceLinguistics,ed.byRandallGessandEdRubin,41-62.Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins.SYSTEMICMARKEDNESSANDPHONETICDETAILINPHONOLOGY*TRAVISG.BRADLEYUniversityofCalifornia,Davis0.IntroductionInArticulatoryPhonology(Browman&Goldstein1989,1990,etseq.),thegrammarisassumedtooperateonarticulatorygestures,whicharedynamicallydefinedalongbothspatialandtemporaldimensionsandproduceaconstrictioninthevocaltract.Bybee(2001)arguesthatagesturalanalysisprovidesmoreinsightfulandcoherentdescriptionsofmostphonologicalphenomenathandoesananalysisbasedonfeaturesandsegments.Manyalternationsthathavepreviouslybeenexplainedindiscrete,phonologicaltermscanbeanalyzedintermsofgesturaloverlapand/orreductionincasualspeech.However,thestatusofgesturalrepresentationsinthesynchronicgrammarremainscontro-versial.Shouldgesturesbephonologicalprimitivesaswellasunitsofarticula-tion,orisArticulatoryPhonologybetterviewedasamodelofphoneticimple-mentation?Ifgesturesareprimitives,shouldtheysupplantsegmentsorcoexistwiththem?Shouldthetemporalcoordinationofgesturesbespecifiedinunder-lyingrepresentation,orshoulditbedeterminedbythegrammar?ThispaperpresentsacasestudyofexternalsandhiinSpanishthatbearsdirectlyuponthesequestions.Spanishhasacontrastbetweenatap[R]andtrill[r]betweenvocoidswithinthemorpheme,whichisneutralizedincodaposi-tion.InthenorthernPeninsularSpanishvarietiesspokenintheCantabrianprovincearoundLosMontesdePasandTudanca,infinitival–rislostbeforeaconsonant-initialcliticpronounordeterminerbutsurfacesas[R]or[r]inothercodaenvironments,dependingonthedialect(Penny1969,1978).While[R]+consonantclustersexhibitanintrusivevowelbetweenthetwoconsonants,*IwouldliketoacknowledgeBarbaraBullock,LisaDavidson,AdamGreene,andSharonInkelasforhelpfuldiscussionaboutsomeoftheideasappearinginthispaper.Thanksalsototheaudienceofthe34thLinguisticSymposiumonRomanceLanguages,heldMarch11-14,2004,bytheUniversityofUtahinSaltLakeCity.Fortheircommentsandfeedback,Iac-knowledgeinparticularGaryBaker,MariannaDiPaolo,HaikeJacobs,AnthonyLewis,Kris-tieMcCrary,RafaelNúñezCedeño,andDoncaSteriade,aswellastwoanonymousreviewers.Ialoneamresponsibleforanyshortcomingsinthispaper.TRAVISG.BRADLEYotherconsonantsappearinginfirstpositionfailtotriggervowelintrusion.TheproposedanalysisdrawsuponrecentdevelopmentsingesturalOptimalityTheory(Davidson2003,Gafos2002,N.Hall2003),aswellasPadgett’s(2003a,b,c)versionofDispersionTheory(Flemming1995).Conflictingges-turalconstraintsgeneratedifferentpatternsoftemporalcoordination.Minimaloverlapproducesvowelintrusionin[RəC],partialoverlapfavorsunreleased[C|C],andcompleteoverlapyieldsdeletionofinfinitival–rintheappropriateprosodiccontexts.Thecentralclaimisthatthephonologymustincorporatephoneticallydetailedgesturalrepresentationsinadditiontosegmentalandpro-sodicstructure.InDispersionTheory,systemicmarkednessconstraintsregu-latetheperceptualdistinctivenessofcontrasts,makingitpossibletoincorpo-ratephoneticdetailwithoutovergeneratingcontrasts.Thispaperisorganizedasfollows.Section1presentsthePeninsularSpan-ishdata.Section2showshowPadgett’s(2003c)Dispersion-theoreticanalysisofCatalanrhoticsalsoaccountsforthepatternsofintervocaliccontrastandcodaneutralizationinthetwoSpanishvarieties.Section3presentsthegesturalcoordinationframeworkofGafos(2002)anddevelopsananalysisofconso-nantclusterrealizationandoftheexternalsandhialternation.Section4furtherdiscussestheroleofgestures,segments,andsystemicmarkednessconstraintsinthephonology,andSection5concludes.1.RhoticneutralizationandexternalsandhideletioninCantabrianSpanishManyvarietiesofSpanishcontrastanalveolartap[R]andtrill[r]betweenvocoidswithinthemorpheme(e.g.,ca[R]o“dear”versusca[r]o“car”).Thecontrastisneutralizedelsewhere,with[r]appearinginsyllable-initialpositionand[R]inthesecondpositionofcomplexonsets(e.g.,[r]osa“rose”,hon[r]a“honor”versust[R]es“three”).Therealizationofcodarhoticsvariesacrossdialectsandspeechstyles.Penny(1969)notesthatinLosMontesdePas,trillssurfacefrequentlyinpreconsonantalandprepausalposition(1a,b).Manyofhisexamplesalsoshowcodataps,suggestingfreevariation.(1)a.birlar[birlaR]“topinch”cuerno[kwernu]“horn”cerner[θirniR]“tosift,sieve”tierno[tjernu]“tender”b.escupir[iskupir]“tospit”empallar[empayar]“topressthegrass”afeitar[afitar]“toshave”calor[kalor]“heat”SYSTEMICMARKEDNESSANDPHONETICDETAILINPHONOLOGYIncontrast,Penny(1978)doesnotobservecodatrillsintheTudancavariety,andtranscriptionsconsistentlyshowtapsbeforeconsonantsandpause(2a,b).(2)a.duerme[duRme]“s/hesleeps”morcilla[moRθiya]“bloodsausage”verde[beRðe]“green”zurdo[θuRðo]“left-handed”martes[maRtes]“Tuesday”carne[kaRne]“meat”b.pajar[paxaR]“haystack”labor[laβoR]“job”mejor[mehoR]“better”calor[kaloR]“heat”UnlikeotherSpanishdialectssuchasCastilian,boththeLosMontesdePasandTudancavarietiesexhibitdeletionofinfinitival–rbeforecliticpro-nouns(3a)andbeforedefinitearticlesheadingafollowingnounphrase(3b).(3)a.ahogarme[axweƒame]“todrownme”medirlo[miðilu]“tomeasureit”cansarse[kansase]“totire”reírnos[rinus]“tolaugh”lavarvos[laβaβos]“tow
本文标题:SYSTEMIC MARKEDNESS AND PHONETIC DETAIL IN PHONOLO
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