四级作文：常见错误剖析

四级作文常见错误类型及例释ByGrace2012-3-26片断句不间断句误用逗号连接句垂悬修饰语误用平行句法非必要性角度转换Splitinfinitive不一致、词性误用Therebe句型错误Be动词与动词连用错误Thesentencefragment片断句一个合乎语法的完整句子必须具有主语和谓语这两种基本成分。从结构上来说，它应该是可以独立运用的语言单位。片断句是指像短语、从句、同位语以及其他诸如此类不能够独立使用的语言单位。写作时若错误地使用标点符号，将这类不能独立使用的语法结构当成句子分列出来，那便叫做片断句。CommonMistakes句子沒有主语。Entertained1000peoplewithanoutdoorconcerteveryJuly.Sheentertained1000peoplewithanoutdoorconcerteveryJuly.句子沒有动词。ThebillthattheyhavediscussedforalongtimeThebillthattheyhavediscussedforalongtimewaspassedthisafternoon.Alloftheofficialswithjobsthere.Alloftheofficialswithjobstherewereworriedaboutit.Therun—onsentence不间断句该断句的地方没有正确地使用标点符号断句，而将两个或两个以上（结构上各自独立完整而又互不从属的）句子融合在一起成为一个不合语法、结构松散的句子称不间断句。如果两个完整的句子中间只用逗号隔开而被错误地并成一个句子，这种句子便叫误用逗号连接句。不间断句Gettingmarriediseasystayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.Gettingmarriediseasy.Stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.Gettingmarriediseasy,butstayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.Althoughgettingmarriediseasy,stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.AskthefirstpersonyouseeiftheywillhelpyouIamsuretheywill.Askthefirstpersonyouseeiftheywillhelpyou;Iamsuretheywill.Askthefirstpersonyouseeiftheywillhelpyou,andIamsuretheywill.注：两种较难形式JackhaswontheBookerPrizewithhisfirstnovelheisanIndianauthorlivinginGreatBritain.Jack,(whois)anIndianauthorlivinginGreatBritain,haswontheBookerPrizewithhisfirstnovel.WinningtheBookerPrizewithhisfirstnovel,JackisanIndianauthorlivinginGreatBritain.误用逗号连接句(A)改用句号分成两个句子。Icompletedmyessay,Ihavenotsubmitted(交)it.Icompletedmyessay.Ihavenotsubmittedit.(B)改用分号分成两个句子。Itrainedheavilyintheafternoon,wemanagedtohaveourpicnicanyway.Itrainedheavilyintheafternoon;wemanagedtohaveourpicnicanyway.(C)使用适当的连接词Ilikeyou,youarekindtome.Ilikeyou,for/as/becauseyouarekindtome.Sinceyouarekindtome,Ilikeyou.连接词：For，And，Nor，But，Or，Yet，So…注意:两个句子只用逗号连接，然后再逗号之后再加上连接副词(conjunctiveadverb)例如however,furthermore,moreover,therefore等这样的句子还是错误的。Icompletedmyessay,howeverIhavenotsubmittedit.Icompletedmyessay.However,Ihavenotsubmittedit.Icompletedmyessay;however,Ihavenotsubmittedit.Theylostthebattle,neverthelesstheyweredeterminedtocontinuethewar.Theylostthebattle.Nevertheless,theywillcontinuethewar.Theylostthebattle;nevertheless,theywillcontinuethewar.Thedanglingmodifier垂悬修饰语由非谓语动词(分词、动名词、不定式)组成的短语若使用不当，与其所修饰的成分没有实质上的联系，这种结构便叫垂悬修饰语。垂悬修饰语并非语法上的错误，只是修辞上的毛病，但仍应避免使用这样的结构，尤其是不要使用那些会产生歧义、引起误解的垂悬修饰语。Todowellincollege,goodgradesarenecessary.Todowellincollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.Havingfinishedthehomework,theTVwasturnedon.Havingfinishedthehomework,JillturnedontheTV.Afterreadingthebook,thearticleremainsunconvincing.Afterreadingthebook,Ifindthearticleunconvincing.Theillogicalorfaultyparallelism误用平行句法误用平行句法指用平行结构来表达并非平行的思想内容。这是应该避免的修辞上的毛病。A.关联连词(both…and，either…or等)只能用于联接句中起同一语法作用的平行成分。B.不能将which或who引导的从句用and与主句相联。1.Parallelism主要指句子构句时要注意对称。在列举事物当例子时，如果第一个是名词，第二个以后的例子也最好是名词，如果第一个例子时不定词短语，第二个以后的例子也最好是不定式短语。MyEnglishclassismadeupofChinese,Japanese,andsomearefromKorea.MyEnglishclassismadeupofChinese,Japanese,andKoreans.Hepromisestoreformhealthcare,preservesocialsecurity,andabalancedbudget.Hepromisestoreformhealthcare,preservesocialsecurity,andbalancethebudget.2.Parallelism在对等连接词以及both...and,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso...,ratherthan等correlativeexpressions，first,second,third等列举以及比较级用法morethan,more...than,betterthan等时最常使用。Itwasbothalongceremonyandverytedious.Theceremonywasbothlongandtedious.Theschoolsinthesuburbsarebetterthantheinnercity.Theschoolsinthesuburbsarebetterthanthoseintheinnercity.Which与and类型3.who引导的从句是从属性质，与and连接的成分性质不同。Heishumorousandwhoisalsohandsome.Heishumorousandhandsome.Manypeopleenjoysinging,becauseitisfunnyandwhichisalsohelpfulinreducingpressure.Manypeopleenjoysinging,becauseitisfunnyandhelpstoreducepressure.Manypeopleenjoysinging,becauseitisfunnyandhelpfulinreducingpressure.Theshiftinpointofview非必要性角度转换不必要的甚至错误的角度转换是应该避免的。若非必须如此，一般不由主动语态转换成被动语态；人称及单复数也不应随便转换；主语和时态等也不应随便转换…Havingstudiedtheresults,theyreportwhattheyfound.Havingstudiedtheresults,theyreportedwhattheyfound.Onedoeswellwhenwearegivenrolemodels.Onedoeswellwhenoneisgivenrolemodels.Wedowellwhenwearegivenrolemodels.SplitinfinitiveSplitinfinitive指的是在一个不定式中插入状语或者其他成分。Shedidallthistoeagerlyimpressherboss.Shedidallthiseagerlytoimpressherboss.不一致数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo).Drinkingmakepeoplehappy.Drinkingmakespeoplehappy.Althoughheworkedfor12hourseveryday,heisnotabletopaythemoney.Althoughheworksfor12hourseveryday,heisnotabletopaythemoney.词性误用词性误用常表现为：介词当动词用，形容词当副词用，名词当动词用等。Nonecannegativetheimportanceofmoney.Nonecandenytheimportanceofmoney.IwanttocreationagreatwebsitesothatIcanbecomingwealthy.IwanttocreateagreatwebsitesothatIcanbecomewealthy.Therebe句型错误Therebe之后出现的动词不能是原型：Therearesomestudentscomefromothercountries.Therearesomestudentswhocomefromothercountries.Therearesomestudentscomingfromothercountries.Therearesomepeopledislikebyothers.Therearesomepeoplewhoaredislikedbyothers.Therearesomepeopledislikedbyothers.总结，therebe句型后的动词要么是ing,要么是ed形式，取决于主动还是被动，现在还是过去