英国文学简史-常耀信-Chapters-21-22

KeyPointsinChapter21D.H.LawrenceWilliamButlerYeatsImagismT.S.EliotD.H.Lawrence(1885-1930)IntroductionIHecamefromaworkingclassfamily.Hisfatherwasacoalminer,inarticulatebutwarmandintimate,whilehismotherwasaschoolteacher,differentintemperandbehavior.Hiscloseattachmenttohismotherledhimtothecomplexitiesofhumanlove,andhispaternalbackgroundsettherealistictoneinhisrepresentationoflife.Inadditiontothenovelsforwhichheismainlyrenowned,healsoexcelledintheshortstoryandpoetry.D.H.LawrenceIntroductionIILawrencewasoneofthegreatmodernmasterstocomeoutoftheperiod.HewasheavilyinfluencedbyFreudianism.Heplacedemphasisonthedepictionoftheinnerworldandtheirrationalandcalledfortheemancipationoftheid.Tohim,thegreatandthebeautifulcomefromwithintheinnersoul,notfromtheprogressofsocietyandscience.Lawrencecallsfortherestorationofman’strueselfhoodtoitspristinepurity.Hefeelsthemostsacredthingislove,andthesacredcanberealizedonlyinthelovebetweenamanandawoman.D.H.LawrenceMajorworksSonsandLoversWomeninLoveTheRainbowLadyChatterley’sLoverAaron’sRodKangarooTheManWhoDiedWilliamButlerYeats(1865-1939)IntroductionHewasborninDublin.Yeatshadahugesenseofmission.Allhisworksareaffirmativeinattitudeandebullientwithasenseofpridewhichendowstragedywithmeaningandchaoswithorder.Yeatsisarecognizedworldpoetandoneofthetwoorthreegreatestpoetsofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizein1923.YeatsseestheworldgovernedbyaGreatWheelwhichrunsaroundonceevery“twentycenturies,”whenoneageendsandanewonebegins.WilliamButlerYeatsWorksTheTowerTheWindingStair“TheLakeIsleofInnisfree”“September1913”“Easter1916”“LedaandtheSwan”“TheSecondComing”“Byzantium”The“CrazyJane”groupofpoemsImagismIntroductionIThepoeticsceneinthe1920swasdominatedbyT.S.EliotandWilliamButlerYeats.ThefirstImagistpoets,T.E.Hulme,suggeststhatmodernartdealswithexpressionandcommunicationofmomentaryphasesinthepoet’smind.“Eachwordmustbeanimageseen.”“Eachsentenceshouldbealump;apieceofclay,avisionseen.”Hulmesaidthattheimagemustenableone“todwellandlingeruponapointofexcitement,toachievetheimpossibleandconvertapointintoaline.”ImagismIntroductionIIEzraPounddefinedanimageas“avortexorclusteroffusedideas”“endowedwithenergy.”SomethinglikeanImagistmanifestocamein1912inwhichPoundandFlintlaiddownthreeImagistpoeticprinciples:1.Directtreatmentofthe“thing,”whethersubjectiveorobjective;2.Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;and3.Asregardingtorhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.ImagismIntroductionIIIAnImagistpoem,therefore,oftencontainsasingledominantimage,oraquicksuccessionofrelatedimages.Itseffectismeanttobeinstantaneous.Itslimitationsareapparent.Adominantimagecansupplyenergyforashortpoem,butitishardlycapableofsustainingalongerpoeticeffort.ItisthismovementthathelpedtoopenthefirstpagesofmodernEnglishandAmericanpoetry.T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)poet,dramatist,andcriticMajorworks:TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock,TheWasteLand,AshWednesday,FourQuartets,MurderintheCathedral,ThesacredWoodT.S.EliotHewasborninMissouri,U.S.A..HestudiedatHarvard,wherehewasinfluencedbytheNewHumanistscholarandcritic,fromwhomhederivedanattitudeofoppositionto19th-centuryRomanticism.T.S.EliotThenhewenttoEuropeandstudiedatOxfordandtheSorbonneinParis,wherehemadehimselffamiliarwiththeSymbolistpoets.DuringhisstudieshemasteredFrench,ItalianandEnglishLiterature,aswellasancientIndianphilosophyandliterature.AftersettlinginEngland,heassociatedwithYeatsandEzraPound,whoencouragedhimtowritepoetry,TheWasteLand,hisbestknownpoem,publishedin1922.T.S.EliotIn1927,HebecameaBritishsubjectandjoinedtheChurchofEngland.Hedeclaredthathewas“classicistinliterature,royalistinpolitics,andAnglo-Catholicinreligion.”Asadramatist,hewrote7verseplays,andMurderintheCathedralisthemostfamousamongthem.T.S.EliotTheprominentpoeticalinfluenceonEliot’screationwereDante,Frenchsymbolists,early17th-centurydramatistsandmetaphysicalpoets,especiallyJohnDonne.TheWasteLanda.Alongpoemof433lines,mainlyfreeversewithoccasionalsnatchesofrhymeandwithmanyquotedlinesinGerman,French,ItalianandreferencesandallusionstoEnglishwritersb.ItwasalandmarkinEnglishpoetry,endingtheRomanticperiodandsignifyingtheemergenceofModernismTheWasteLandc.Thepoemisdividedintofiveparts:d.Asawhole,itgaveapictureofthespiritualruinsinEuropeshortlyaftertheendofWWI,andexpressedthedisillusionmentofagenerationofintellectuals.e.Symbolstakenfromancientmythsareusedinthepoemtodescribethedecayandfragmentationofwesternculture.Eliotasacritic“Agiveroflawsandthearbiteroftaste”•Thebasicthemesofhiscriticismconcernedtherelationshipbetweentraditionandindividualtalent,andbetweenthepast,thepresentandthefuture.•Heemploystheterm“depersonalization”forthecriticalnotion.•Poetryisnotaturninglooseofemotion,butanescapefromittoachieveuniversalapplicability•Theworkofanartisanindependententity.Eliotasacritic“Agiveroflawsandthearbiteroftaste”•Hewasoneofthefirstifnotthefirsttosensethefutilityandfragmentationofmodernlifeandseemodernsocietyatitsmostdisgusting.•Buthissearchfororder,formanddiscipl