英语句子结构分析讲解

定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语㈠主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.（名词）Shewentoutinahurry.（代词）Fourplusfouriseight.（数词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Smokingisbadforhealth.（动名词）Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.（名词化的形容词）Whathehassaidistrue.（句子）找出下列句中的主语：1、Thesunrisesintheeast.2、Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.3、Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.4、Seeingisbelieving.5、Toseeistobelieve.6、Helikesdancing.7、Whatheneedsisabook.8、Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.㈡谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helookedaftertwoorphans.复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词;HecanspeakEnglishwell.Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）：1.WeloveChina.2.Wehavefinishedreadingthisbook.3.HecanspeakEnglish.4.Sheseemstired.(三)宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语Showyourpassport,please.（名词）Shedidn'tsayanything.（代词）Howmanydoyouwant?-Iwanttwo.（数词）Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.（名词化的形容词）Theyaskedtoseemypassport.（不定式）Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（动名词）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（句子）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.Hegavemesomebooks.间接直接宾语宾语指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：pleasepassmethebook.Heboughthisgirlfriendsomeflowers.找出下列句子的宾语部分：1.Weoftenhelphim.2.Helikestoplaybasketball.3.Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.4.Shesaidthathefeltsick.5.Theyaretalkingaboutthenewstudent.（四）连系动词,其后面的成分叫作表语。Thewarwasover.Theyseemtoknowthetruth.Timeisprecious.I’mnotquitemyselftoday.Thatremainsapuzzle.Idon’tfeelatease.找出下列句中的表语。1.Iamateacher.2.Theyareontheplayground.3.MyjobisteachingEnglish.4.Itgetscold.5.Itsoundsinteresting.常见的系动词有be动词,还有get,become,turn,grow等表“变得”的词,和感观动词sound,look,smel,taste,feel等。(五）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句Heisacleverboy.（形容词）Hisfatherworksinasteelwork.（名词）Thereare54studentsinourclass.（数词）Doyouknownbetty’ssister?（名词所有格）Heboughtsomesleepingpills.（动名词）Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.（现在分词）Hisspokenlanguageisgood.（过去分词）定语后置：如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置Thegirlinredishissister.Wehavealotofworktodo.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?找出下列句子的定语。1.Theblackbikeismine.2.Sheisachemistryteacher.3.Themaninblueismybrother.4.Thegirlplayingthepianoismyyoungersister.5.Theladywhoiswearingreddressisournewteacher.（六）状语状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。Iwillbebackinawhile.Theyareplayingontheplayground.Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.HegotupsolatethatImissedthetrain.Iwaitedtoseeyou.Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.Thisbookisveryinteresting.Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.找出下列句中的状语1.Weoftenhelphim.2.Ireallydon’tlikethefood.3.Hedidhishomeworkcarefullyathome.4.HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.5.WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeadoctor.（七）宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.Ifoundthebookinteresting.Doyousmellsomethingburning?Hemadehimselfknowntothem.Sheaskedmetolendherahand.宾语补足语：和宾语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾补之间存在内在逻辑上的主谓关系。找出下列句子的宾语补足语：1.TheyelectedJohnmonitor.2.WecallhimIronOx.3.Thedoctortoldmetodomoreexercise.4.Theymadeherhappy.5.Heisgoingtohavehishaircut.6.Theysawabirdflyinginthesky.（八）同位语位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.（名词）Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.（代词）Heistheoldestamongthemfour.（数词）Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.（从句）句子成分意义充当成分例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组Sheisdancingunderthetree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.句子成分详解表表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关形容词，名词，介词短语Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.随堂练习：分析下列句子结构：1）Youareastudent.2）Hefelthappytoday.3）Whatyousaidmademehappy.4）CouldyougivemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell?5）Afterhefinishedhishomework,hewentaway.6）Helikespopmusic.7）Thesoundsoundsstrange.8）Thefoodtastesgood.9）Hegavemeabookyesterday.10）Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.PrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.“Ican'thearaword!”Isaidangrily.“It'snoneofyourbusiness,”theyoungmansaidrudely.系等“Thisisaprivateconversation!”what什么who谁where哪里when什么时候why为什么H,how怎么