轴承常见失效形式

TroubleShooting轴承故障检修BearingLoad/ContactPatterns负荷/接触痕迹TypicalRunningTracesofDeepGrooveBallBearings深沟球轴承的典型运行痕迹(a)showsthemostcommonrunningtracegeneratedwhentheinnerringrotatesunderaradialloadonly.（e）所示为轴承内圈旋转仅受径向负荷时最常见的正常运行痕迹。(e)through(h)showdifferentrunningtracesthatresultinashortenedlifeduetotheiradverseeffectonbearings.（e）－（h）所示的轴承运行痕迹是由于轴承遭受不良影响所致，这类情况往往会导致轴承实际使用寿命的降低。(a)(b)(c)(d)Innerringrotation内圈旋转Radialload径向负荷Outerringrotation外圈旋转Radialload径向负荷Innerringorouterringrotation内圈或外圈旋转Axialloadinonedirection单向轴向负荷Innerringrotation内圈旋转Radialandaxialloads轴向及径向复合负荷(e)(f)(g)(h)Innerringrotation内圈旋转Axialloadandmisalignment轴向负荷及不对中Innerringrotation内圈旋转Momentload瞬间冲击负荷(Misalignment)（不对中）Innerringrotation内圈旋转Housingboreisoval椭圆形轴承箱孔Innerringrotation内圈旋转Noradialinternalclearance无径向游隙（负运行游隙）(Negativeoperatingclearance)ClickonapicturetoenlargeitTypicalRunningTracesofRollerBearings滚子轴承的典型运行痕迹(i)showstheouterringrunningtracewhenaradialloadisproperlyappliedtoacylindricalrollerbearingwhichhasaloadonarotatinginnerring.(j)showstherunningtraceinthecaseofshaftbendingorrelativeinclinationbetweentheinnerandouterrings.Thismisalignmentleadstothegenerationofslightlyshaded(dull)bandsinthewidthdirection.Tracesarediagonalatthebeginningandendoftheloadingzone.Fordouble-rowtaperedrollerbearingswhereasingleloadisappliedtotherotatinginnerring,(k)showstherunningtraceontheouterringunderradialloadwhile(I)showstherunningtraceontheouterringunderaxialload.Whenmisalignmentexistsbetweentheinnerandtheouterrings,thentheapplicationofaradialloadcausesrunningtracestoappearontheouterringasshownin(m).(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)Innerringrotation内圈旋转Radialload径向负荷Innerringrotation内圈旋转Momentload冲击负荷(Misalignment)不对中Innerringrotation内圈旋转Radialload径向负荷Innerringrotation内圈旋转Axialload轴向负荷Innerringrotation内圈旋转Radialandmomentloads径向及冲击负荷(Misalignment)不对中ClickonapicturetoenlargeitDamageTypes&Causes轴承损伤类型及其原因DamageTypes&Causes轴承损伤类型及其原因Ingeneral,ifrollingbearingsareusedcorrectly,theywillsurvivetotheirpredictedfatiguelife.Bearings,however,oftenfailprematurelyduetoavoidablemistakes.Thecausesof,thisprematurefailureincludeimpropermounting,mishandling,poorlubrication,entryofforeignmatterorabnormalheatgeneration.Forexample,onecauseofprematurefailureisribScoringwhichisduetoinsufficientlubrication,useofimproperlubricant,faultylubricationsystem,entryofforeignmatter,bearingmountingerror,excessivedeflectionoftheshaftorsomecombinationofthese.Ifallconditionsareknownforthetimesbothbeforeandafterthefailure,includingtheapplication,theoperatingconditions,andenvironment,thenacountermeasurecanbedeterminedbystudyingthenatureofthefailureanditsprobablecauses.Asuccessfulcountermeasurewillreducesimilarfailuresorpreventthemfromhappeningagain.Examplesofbearingdamageandcountermeasuresarepresentedinthefollowingsections.Pleaseconsultthesesectionswhentryingtodeterminethecauseofbearingdamage.DamageConditionPossibleCausesCountermeasuresFlakingoccurswhensmallpiecesofbearingmaterialaresplitofffromthesmoothsurfaceoftheracewayorrollingelementsduetorollingfatigue,therebycreatingregionshavingroughandcoarsetexture.Excessiveload;Poormounting(misalignment);Momentload;Entryofforeigndebris,waterpenetration;Poorlubrication,improperlubricant;Unsuitablebearingclearance;Improperprecisionforshaftorhousing,unevennessinhousingrigidity,largeshaftbending;Progressionfromrust,corrosionpits,Smearing,dents(brinelling)•Reconfirmthebearingapplicationandchecktheloadconditions•Improvethemountingmethod•Improvethesealingmechanism,preventrustingduringnon-running•Usealubricantwithaproperviscosity,improvethelubricationmethod•Checktheprecisionofshaftandhousing•CheckthebearinginternalclearanceFlaking剥落Photo1-1Part:InnerringofanangularcontactballbearingSymptom:FlakingaroundhalfofthecircumferenceoftheracewaysurfaceCause:PoorlubricationduetoentryofcuttingcoolantintobearingPhoto1-2Part:InnerringofanangularcontactballbearingSymptom:FlakingdiagonallyalongracewayCause:PooralignmentbetweenshaftandhousingduringmountingPhoto1-3Part:InnerringofdeepgrooveballbearingSymptom:FlakingofracewayatballpitchCause:DentsduetoshockloadduringmountingPhoto1-4Part:InnerringofanangularcontactballbearingSymptom:FlakingofracewayatballpitchCause:DentsduetoshockloadwhilestationaryPhoto1-5Part:OuterringofPhoto1-4Symptom:FlakingofracewaysurfaceatballpitchCause:DentsduetoshockloadwhilestationaryPhoto1-6Part:BallsofPhoto1-4Symptom:FlakingofballsurfaceCause:DentsduetoshockloadwhilestationaryPhoto1-7Part:InnerringofasphericalrollerbearingSymptom:FlakingofonlyoneracewayoveritsentirecircumferenceCause:ExcessiveaxialloadPhoto1-8Part:OuterringofPhoto1-7Symptom:FlakingofonlyoneracewayoveritsentirecircumferenceCause:ExcessiveaxialloadPhoto1-9Part:InnerringofasphericalrollerbearingSymptom:FlakingofonlyonerowofracewayCause:PoorlubricationPhoto1-10Part:RollersofacylindricalrollerbearingSymptom:PrematureFlakingoccursaxiallyontherollingsurfacesCause:ScratchescausedduringimpropermountingFlaking剥落ClickonapicturetoenlargeitDamageConditionPossibleCausesCountermeasuresDullorcloudyspotsappea