Metaphor隐喻

Metaphor暗喻Objectives•Toknowwhatmetaphoris.•Toknowthethinkingmodereflectedbymetaphor.•Toknowtheclassificationsofmetaphor.•Toknowthesignificanceoflearningmetaphor.Metaphor1.Whatismetaphor?•Metaphorisacomparisonoftwounlikethingsfromdifferentdomains.Unlikesimile,thecomparisonisimpliedratherthanclearlyexpressed.2Whatismetaphorcomposedof?--thesubject(本体)--thereference(喻体)--AisB.-Theworldisastage.-Aromancewasbudding.-Theeconomyisoverheating.-Sheexploded.-Thetemperaturefelltoamurderous-40。C.-Embarrassedatournoisychildren,wesheepishlytriedtosneakintothediningroom,hopingnottobenoticedbyothers.3Theformula“AisB”--Forabetterunderstandingofmetaphor•Thenouns,verbs,adj.s,oradv.sareusedtoindicatethereference(喻体).•-Theromancewasaplant.•-Theeconomyisamachine.•-Sheisacontainer.•-Thetemperaturewasamurderer.•-Weweresheep.4.Thethinkingmodeinvolved–AISB.•…isaplant.--Aromancewasbudding.--Thebrilliantfoundersbranchedintomanyareas.•…isabuilding.--tocementone’spopularity--theshatteredfoundationsofone’slife--Thetheorywastotallybasedonsolidfoundation.4.Thethinkingmodeinvolved–AISB.•Theeconomyisamachine.--Theeconomyisoverheating.--tofine-tune(微调)inflation.•Theeconomyisarocket/anairplane/aspacecraft.--Theeconomysoared/skyrocketed.--Theeconomyplunged.--Ineconomics,asoftlandingisasituationinwhichtheeconomystopsgrowingbutthisdoesnotproducearecession(衰退).4.ThethinkingmodeinvolvedThenouns:•internet•stockmarket•stockmarketbubbles•bullettrain•solarstorm•Pittsburghsummit(峰会)•Onlyafewwouldgothatfarandcommitcrimes.Thereferences:•net•market•bubbles•bullet•storm•summit•gothatfar.4Thethinkingmodeinvolved•abstract•whatweareunfamiliarwith•concrete•whatwearefamiliarwith--Weuseaconceptthatwearefamiliarwithtodescribeorunderstandanotherconceptthatwearenotsofamiliarwith.Themindisamachine.•Heisstillgrindingoutasolution.•Hismindisn’toperatingtoday.•Heisalittlerustytoday.•Ican’tthink;Iamrunningoutofsteam(losingvigor).•Howcouldanymaneverunderstandtheworkingsofawoman’smind?•ThecoffeewasperfectandbythetimeIwashalfwaythroughmyfirstcupmybrainwastickingovermuchmorebriskly.Anargumentiswar.•Yourclaimsareindefensible.•Heattackedeveryweakpointinmyargument.•Hiscriticismisrightonthetarget.•Idemolishedhisargument.•I’veneverwonanargumentwithhim.•Ifyouusethatstrategy,he’llwipeyouout.•Heshotdownallofmyarguments.Ideasarefood.•Allthispaperhasinitarerawfacts,half-bakedideas,andwarmed-overtheories.•Therearetoomanyfactshereformetodigestthemall.•Ijustcan’tswallowthatclaim.•Letmestewoverthatforawhile.•That’sfoodforthought.•Shedevouredthebook.Up&Down–Orientationalmetaphor•Moreisup:Speakup,please.•Consciousisup:Wakeup.•Controlisup:I’montopofthesituation.•Happyisup:I’mfeelinguptoday.•Lessisdown:Keepdownyourvoice.•Unconsciousisdown:Hesankintoacoma.•Lackofcontrolisdown:Heisundermycontrol.•Sadisdown.Heisreallylowthesedays.Up&Down–Orientationalmetaphor•Virtueisup:She’sanupstandingcitizen.•Rationalisup:Hecouldalwaysriseabovehisemotion.•Lackofvirtueisdown:Thatwasalow-downthingtodo.•Nonrationalisdown:Thediscussionfelltoanemotionallevel.Conclusion•Metaphoricallanguageisnotarbitrary.•Metaphorplaysamajorroleinhowhumanbeingsthink.•Metaphorhasprovideduswithabetterunderstandingofourlanguage.5.Theclassificationsofmetaphor--nominal(n.)metaphor;--verbalmetaphor;--adjectivemetaphor;--adverbialmetaphor;(WhentheformulaAISBisnotavailable,then.,v.,adj.,oradv.alwayshelpsustofindoutwhatAis.)5.1Nominal(n.)metaphor•MotherTeresaispartofthechromosome(染色体)ofKolkata.•Google’snewlydevelopedsoftwarecouldchallengetheSeattlegiant’sdesktopdominance.•CharlesDowputusontheworld’sgreatestrollercoaster.Welaughnervouslyallthewayupandwescreamlikehellallthewaydown.•Microsoftisagiant.•Thestockmarketisarollercoaster.5.2Verbalmetaphor•(Thefollowingistakenfromapieceofsportsnews.)SINGAPORE:Chinahasdeliveredastingingslapinthefacetobadminton’sworldgoverningbodybypullingallofitsplayersfromthismonth’sseason-endingfinale.•China’spullingitsplayersfromthefinaleisastingingslap.•aslapintheface5.2Verbalmetaphor•Scienceoftenthriveswhileadvancingalongcircuitouspathwaystowardunpredictabledestinations,propelledprimarilybyhumancuriosity.•Scienceisavehicle.5.3Adjectivemetaphor•Thiseveningwhenmyfatherburstin,hismoodseemedevenmorethunderousthanusual.•Starbucksisnotimmunetocompetition.•theimperial(帝王般的)chiefexecutive•unalloyedsuccess•Myfather’smoodisathunder.•Competitionissomethingdangerous.•TheCEOsareemperors(帝王).•Thesuccessisametalwithoutmixingothertypesofmetal.5.4Adverbialmetaphor•Theideaofbecomingawriterhadcometomeoffandonsincemychildhood,butitwasn’tuntilmythirdyearinhighschoolthatthepossibilitytookhold.•offandon:fromtimetotime•Offandoncanbebelievedtodescribealightbulb,whichisconnectedtotheelectricalsupplyfromtimetotime.6.Theparticularsentencestructuresusedinmetaphor6.Theparticularsentencestructuresusedinmetaphor•ThelatestwaveofscandalsrockedWallStreet.•Myill-consideredmountainofrealestatetumbled.我因考虑不周而购置的房产猛跌了。•Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.•Thescandalsareawave.•Therealestate