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1、EnergyEfficientDatapathSchedulingusingMultipleVoltagesandDynamicClockingSarajuP.MohantyN.RanganathanDept.ofComp.ScienceandEng.Dept.ofComp.ScienceandEng.UniversityofNorthTexas,TX76203.UniversityofSouthFlorida,FL33620.E-mail:smohanty@cs.unt.eduE-mail:ranganat@csee.usf.eduRecently,dynamicfrequencyscalinghasbeenexploredattheCPUandsystemlevelsforpoweroptimization.Lowpowerdatapathschedulingusingmultiplesupplyvoltageshasbeenwellresearched.Inthiswork,wedevelopnewdatapathschedulingalgorithmsthatusemultip。
2、lesupplyvoltagesanddynamicfrequencyclockinginaco-ordinatedmannerinordertoreduceenergyconsumptionofdatapathcircuits.Indynamicfrequencyclocking,thefunctionalunitscanbeoperatedatdifferentfrequenciesdependingonthecomputationsoccurringwithinthedatapathduringagivenclockcycle.Thestrategyistoschedulehighenergyunits,suchasmultipliersatlowerfrequenciessothattheycanbeoperatedatlowervoltagestoreduceenergyconsumptionandthelowenergyunits,suchasaddersathigherfrequencies,tocompensateforspeed.Theproposedtimeandr。
3、esourceconstrainedalgorithmshavebeenappliedtovarioushighlevelsynthesisbenchmarkcircuitsunderdifferenttimeandresourceconstraints.Theexperimentalresultsshowsignificantreductioninenergyforboththealgorithms.CategoriesandSubjectDescriptors:B.5.1[Register-Transfer-LevelImplementation]:DatapathDesign;B.5.2[Register-Transfer-LevelImplementation]:AutomaticSynthesis,Optimization;B.7.1[TypesandDesignStyles]:VLSI(verylargescaleintegration)GeneralTerms:Algorithms,Performance,Design,Reliability,Scheduling,Time。
4、ComplexityAdditionalKeyWordsandPhrases:High-Levelsynthesis,low-powerdatapathsynthesis,multiplevoltageschedul-ing,timeconstrainedscheduling,resourceconstrainedschedulinganddynamicfrequencyclocking1.INTRODUCTIONWiththeincreaseindemandforpersonalcomputingdevicesandwirelesscommunicationsequipment,thedemandforsynthesizinglowpowerconsumingcircuitshasincreased.Theneedforlowpowersynthesisisdrivenbyseveralfactors,suchas[Pedram1996],demandofportablesystems(batterylife),thermalconsiderations(coolingandpack。
5、agingcosts),environmentalconcerns(useofnaturalresources),andreliabilityissues.Whileenergyconsumptionofadevicehastobeminimumtoincreasebatterylife,theenergy-delay-producthastobeminimizedtoincreasebatterylifeandtoreducedelay,simultaneously.LetusconsiderthefollowingequationsforaCMOScircuit[BurdandBrodersen1995;ThisresearchwascarriedoutattheDepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,UniversityofSouthFlorida,Tampa,FL33620.Permissiontomakedigital/hardcopyofallorpartofthismaterialwithoutfeeforpersonalorc。
6、lassroomuseprovidedthatthecopiesarenotmadeordistributedforprofitorcommercialadvantage,theACMcopyright/servernotice,thetitleofthepublication,anditsdateappear,andnoticeisgiventhatcopyingisbypermissionoftheACM,Inc.Tocopyotherwise,torepublish,topostonservers,ortoredistributetolistsrequirespriorspecificpermissionand/orafee.c 2004ACM1084-4309/2004/0400-0111$5.00ACMTransactionsonDesignAutomationofElectronicSystems,Vol.V,No.N,August2004,Pages111–133.112 MohantyandRanganathanPouwelseetal.2001b]:—Energydiss。
7、ipationperoperationis (1)where, istheeffectiveswitchedcapacitanceand isthesupplyvoltage,—Forfrequency ,thepowerdissipationfortheoperationis (2)—Further,thecriticaldelay( )inadevicethatdeterminesthemaximumfrequency( )isbelow,where, isthethresholdvoltage,!isatechnologydependentfactorandisaconstant. # %$ ’&)((3)Fromtheabovethreeequations,thefollowingcanbededuced[BurdandBrodersen1995;Pouwelseetal.2001b;Peringetal.2000;MartinandSiewiore。
8、k2001]:—Reducingonly ,bothenergyandpowercanbesavedatthecostofperformance.—Slowingdownthecircuitbyreducingonly willsavepowerbutnotenergy.—However,byscalingfrequencyandvoltageinacoordinatedmanner,bothenergyandpowercanbesavedwhilemaintainingperformance.Thethirdfactoraboveformsthemajormotivationforthiswork.Theobjectiveistogener-ateadatapathschedulethatattemptsatenergyandpowerreductionwithoutdegradingtheperformancebyusingmultiplevoltagesanddynamicfrequencyinaco-ordinatedmanner.Inthispaper,weconsid。
9、ertheuseofdynamicfrequencyclockingorfrequencyscalingalongwithmultiplesupplyvoltagesforsynthesisoflowpowerdatapathcircuitsusefulforsignalprocessingapplications.Indynamicfrequencyclocking(hereto,willbereferredtoasDFC),thefunctionalunitscouldoperateatdifferentspeedsduringeachclockcycledependingontheunitsactiveinthatcycle.Wedeveloptwonewdatapathschedulingalgorithms,onereferredtoasTC-DFC(timeconstrained)andotherreferredtoasRC-DFC(resourceconstrained),bothofwhichaimatreducingenergyconsumption.Theresou。
10、rceconstraintsconsistofthenumberandtypeofeachfunctionalunit,theallowedvoltagesandfrequencies.Thetimeconstraintisdefinedintermsofmultiplesofthecriticalpathdelayofthedatapathcircuit.RC-DFCminimizesthetotalenergyconsumptionofthedatapathcircuitbymaximizingtheutilizationoflowersupplyvoltageresourcesfromthegivensetsofresourcesoperatingatdifferentsupplyvoltageswhilereducingthetimepenalty.Ontheotherhand,TC-DFCminimizesthetotalenergyconsumptionofthedatapathcircuitwithoutviolatingthetimingconstraintsassumin。
本文标题:Energy Efficient Datapath Scheduling using Multipl
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