高考英语阅读理解专项训练--细节理解题

高考英语阅读理解专项训练细节理解题1/13高考英语阅读理解专项训练—细节理解题一、专题详解概述：怎么考事实细节理解题考查原文提到的某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提问)、语意转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语境上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。怎么学平时阅读训练时，注意作者描述人物、物体等细节的常用写作手法与技巧，以及反映句子之间逻辑关系的词，如：because，since，for，as等表示因果关系；after，first，next，later，meantime等表示时间关系；above，below，behind，infrontof等表示方位关系；but，onthecontrary，ontheotherhand等表示转折或相对关系；furthermore，what’smore等表示递进关系；forinstance，forexample，suchas等表示例证关系。这些表示逻辑关系的词语能为考生解答细节题提供重要的线索，从而为快速、准确地选择答案打下坚实的基础。怎么解做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读文章，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。另外，在题干中寻找线索词，并注意题干中的名词、动词、形容词等实词。注意线索词在文章中的位置，并标出实词的出处。解答此类题目有时还要注意细读全文，变通理解，多方归纳，综合事实细节选定答案。知识详解考点1直接信息理解类【典例】Mostgraphshaveafewbasicparts:acaptionorintroductionparagraph,atitle,alegendorkey,andlabeledaxes.Anactivereaderlooksateachpartofthegraphbeforetryingtointerpretthedata.Captionswillusuallytellyouwherethedatacamefrom(forexample,ascientificstudyof400Africanelephantsfrom1980to2005).Captionsusuallysummarizetheauthor’smainpointas高考英语阅读理解专项训练细节理解题2/13well.Thetitleisveryimportant.Ittellsyouthemainideaofthegraphbystatingwhatkindofinformationisbeingshown.Alegend,alsocalledakey,isaguidetothesymbolsandcolorsusedinthegraph.Manygraphs,includingbargraphsandlinegraphs,havetwoaxesthatformacorner.Usuallytheseaxesaretheleftsideandthebottomofthegraph.Eachaxiswillalwayshavealabel.Thelabeltellsyouwhateachaxismeasures.Q:Whenusedinagraph,alegendis______.A.aguidetothesymbolsandcolorsB.anintroductionparagraphC.themainideaD.thedata【解题思路】速读文章,试找出相关的信息句,并突出关键词:_________________________________【解题技巧】1.“断章取义”寻依据考生要从文段中获得回答细节题的具体信息,可用“寻读法”,即画出题干中的关键词语,然后在文章中找出可能包含所需信息的段落或句子。运用此法时,应根据文段的结构和写作顺序,有针对性地寻读,迅速锁定相关内容。2.常见命题方式特殊疑问句形式表达:以when,where,what,which,who,how等疑问词开头引出的问题。考点2间接信息理解类【典例】Fromtheverybeginningofschoolwemakebooksandreadingaconstantsourceofpossiblefailureandpublichumiliation.Whenchildrenarelittlewemakethemreadaloud,beforetheteacherandotherchildren,sothatwecanbesurethey“know”allthewordstheyarereading.Thismeansthatwhentheydon’tknowaword,theyaregoingtomakeamistake,rightinfrontofeveryone.Afterhavingtaughtfifth-gradeclassesforfouryears,Idecidedtotryatallcoststoridthemoftheirfearanddislikeofbooks,andtogetthemtoreadoftenerandmoreadventurously.Onedaysoonafterschoolhadstarted,Isaidtothem,“NowI’mgoingtosaysomethingaboutreadingthatyouhaveprobablyneverheardateachersaybefore.Iwouldlikeyoutoreadalotof高考英语阅读理解专项训练细节理解题3/13booksthisyear,butIwantyoutoreadthemonlyforpleasure.Iamnotgoingtoaskyouquestionstofindoutwhetheryouunderstandthebooksornot.Ifyouunderstandenoughofabooktoenjoyitandwanttogoonreadingit,that’senoughforme.AlsoI’mnotgoingtoaskyouwhatwordsmean.”Q:Theteachertoldhisstudentstoread______.A.forenjoymentB.forknowledgeC.foralargervocabularyD.forhigherscoresinexams【解题思路】速读文章,试找出相关的信息句,并突出与选项同义的词:____________________________________________________________________________【解题技巧】1.“同义互释”定选项间接理解题答案选项的表述通常不是使用文章的原话,而是使用与文中同义或近义的词语来表达。可运用排除法,将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项提前进行排除。2.正确选项有以下特征①对原句的关键词进行替换。②词性或语态有所变化。③语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化。④正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达。3.常见命题方式Accordingtotheauthor/passage...Thereason...isthat______.From...wecanlearn______.高考英语阅读理解专项训练细节理解题4/13考点3数字计算类【典例】AcrossBritain,burnttoastwillbeservedtomothersinbedthismorningasoldersonsanddaughtersrushtodelivertheirsupermarketbunchesofflowers.But,accordingtoanewstudy,weshouldbeplacingahighervalueonmotherhoodallyear.Mothershavelongknownthattheirhomeworkloadwasjustasheavyaspaidwork.Now,thenewstudyhasshownthatiftheywerepaidfortheirparentallabours,theywouldearnasmuchas￡172,000ayear.Thestudylookedattherangeofjobsmothersdo,aswellasthehourstheyareworking,todeterminethefigure.Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome￡30,000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.Byanalyzingthenumbers,itfoundtheaveragemotherworks119hoursaweek,40ofwhichwouldusuallybepaidatastandardrateand79hoursasovertime.Afterquestioning1,000motherswithchildrenunder18,itfoundthat,onmostdays,mumsstartedtheirroutineworkat7amandfinishedataround11pm.Q:HowmuchwouldamotherearnayearifworkingasthePrimeMinister?A.￡30,000.B.￡142,000.C.￡172,000.D.￡202,000.【解题思路】速读文章,试找出相关的数据。____________________________________________________________________________【解题技巧】1.“列表推算”得数据关键是要弄清各数据之间的逻辑关系,选准比较的数据,弄清单位换算关系,确定计算方法。①先阅读题干,然后带着题干中的关键词去读文章,对于数字、时间、年代等在读的同时做好标记,高考英语阅读理解专项训练细节理解题5/13以便读完文章后进行相应的计算。②简单的数据可采用“推算法”,即以有关数据为基础,进行简单的运算。③数据较多的文章,通常采用“列表法”,即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出,化模糊为清晰,为计算打下基础。2.常见命题方式特殊疑问句形式表达:以when,inwhichyear,howmany/much...等疑问词开头引出的问题。考点4正误判断类【典例】ItwasMother’sDaymorninglastyearandIwasdoingmyshoppingatourlocalsupermarketwithmyfive-year-oldson,Tenyson.Aswewereleaving,wefoundthatonlyminutesearlieranelderlywomanhadfallenoverattheentranceandhadhitherheadontheconcrete.Herhusbandwaswithher,buttherewasbloodeverywhereandthewomanwasembarrassedandclearlyinshock.Walkingtowardsthescene,Tenysonbecameveryupsetaboutwhathadhappenedtothecouple.Hesaidtome,“Mum,it’snotmuchfunfallingoverinfrontofeveryone.”Atthefrontofthesupermarketacharity(慈善)grouphadsetupastandsellingcookedsausagesandflowerstoraisefunds