您好,欢迎访问三七文档
AnnalsofTourismResearch,Vol.29,No.1,pp.144–164,20022001ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.PrintedinGreatBritain0160-7383/01/$22.00:S0160-7383(01)00030-5BACKPACKERTOURISMANDTHIRDWORLDDEVELOPMENTReginaScheyvensMasseyUniversity,NewZealandAbstract:ThirdWorldgovernmentsoftenscorninternationalbackpackers,professinginsteadanenthusiasmforpursuinghigher-value,luxurytourism.Thisarticlepresentsanalternativeperspective,elaboratinguponwaysthatprovidinggoodsandservicesforback-packerscanpromotedevelopment,especiallyatthelocallevel.Severalchallengeswillneedtobeaddressed,however,ifsuchcommunitiesaretohavesomecontroloverthebackpackersubmarketandmaximizethebenefitstheygainfromit.Suchchallengesincludeovercomingtheself-centeredattitudesofsomebackpackerswhomightbehaveirresponsibly,andencour-agingThirdWorldgovernmentstoestablishapolicyenvironmentandeffectiveinfrastructurewhichsupportcommunityinvolvementinthisformoftourism.Keywords:Backpackers,budget,ThirdWorld,development.2001ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Re´sume´:Letourismedesroutardsetlede´veloppementdutiers-monde.Lesgouvernementsdespaysdutiers-mondesontsouventtre`scritiquesa`l’e´garddestouristesdutyperoutard(backpackers),voulantplutoˆtde´velopperuntourismedeluxea`fortecontribution.Cetarti-cleporteunregarddiffe´rentsurlephe´nome`neene´laborantlesmoyensparlesquelslesprestationspourlacliente`lebackpackerpeuventeˆtreunvecteurdede´veloppement,surtoutauniveaulocal.Cependant,lesacteurslocauxdevrontsemontrera`lahauteurdelasituations’ilsaspirenta`controˆlerletourismedesbackpackersetenmaximiserlesretombe´es.Ilfaud-raitœuvrerpourtransformerl’attitudee´gocentriquedecertainsbackpackersquisecompor-tentdefac¸onirresponsableetencouragerlesgouvernementsdutiers-mondea`mettreenplaceunepolitiqueetuneinfrastructurequisoutiendralesinitiativesdesacteurslocauxvis-a`-visdecegenredetourisme.Mots-cle´s:routards,tiers-monde,de´veloppement.2001Elsev-ierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.INTRODUCTIONAlmostwhereveritisviable,ThirdWorldgovernmentsareactivelypursuingtourismgrowthintheircountries.Theyareparticularlyinter-estedininternationaltourism(Harrison1992),believingitbringstheircountriesnumerouseconomicbenefitsincludingemploymentopport-unities,smallbusinessdevelopment,andforeignexchangeearnings.Theytendtoassumethatmoremoneyisearnedbyattractingtouristswhocanaffordluxurygoodsandservices,despitethefactthatthisoftenleadstoacountry’sdependenceonimportedproducts,foreigninvestment,andexpatriateskills,resultinginrepatriationofresultantReginaScheyvensisLectureringeographyanddevelopmentstudiesatMasseyUniversity(SchoolofGlobalStudies,PrivateBag11222,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand.Emailr.a.scheyvens@massey.ac.nz).HerinterestinThirdWorldtourism,especiallyecotourism,buildsuponherearlierresearchonsustainabledevelopmentandgender.ShehascarriedoutfieldworkinboththeSouthPacificandSouthernAfrica.144145REGINASCHEYVENSprofits(Baskin1995).ButthosefinancialbenefitsreceivedfromluxurytourismdevelopmentsintheThirdWorldveryrarely“trickledown”tobeofanysignificancetopeopleatgrassrootslevel.Whileanumberofacademicshavenotedthisproblem,thoroughlycritiquingformsoftourismdevelopmentdominatedbyoverseasinves-tors(Britton1982;Brohman1996),theyhaverarelyproposedsupportforalternativeformsoftourismbasedonthevillageeconomy(Brown1998).Thepresumptionthathigh-spendingtouristsbringthegreatestbenefitstoThirdWorldcountriesisquestionedinthispaper.Instead,itargueshowlocalcommunitiesintheThirdWorldmightbenefitfrominvolvementinbudgettourism.Inparticular,theoftenmalignedbackpackermarketsegmentisconsidered.Theacademicliteratureprovidescluesastohowthebackpackersegmentcanbedescribed.Thissubmarketischaracterizedbybudget-consciousnessandaflexibletourismstyle,withmostparticipantstrave-lingaloneorinsmallgroups.Backpackersareoftenkeentosharethelocallifestyle(Loker1993:33),citing“meetingthepeople”asakeymotivation(Riley1988:325).Theirrecreationalactivitiesarelikelytofocusaroundnature(suchastrekking),culture(villagestaysandmore),oradventure(includingriverraftingorridingcamels)(Loker-MurphyandPearce1995).Thisisassociatedwiththetendencyforbackpackerstotravelmorewidelythanothertourists,seekingunusualoroutofthewaylocationsand/orexperiences(Haigh1995).Accord-ingtoRiley,“thelesstraveledrouteandmoredifficultwayofgettingtherehasahighdegreeofmystiqueandstatusconferral”(1988:321).Thetightbudgetmanybackpackersimposeonthemselvesislargelyrelatedtothelongerdurationoftheirtravels(GibbonsandSelvarajah1994).AsCohenwarns,however,onecouldbemisledbytheidealizedimageofthebackpacker(or“youthtourists”inhisstudyofsouthernThailandbeaches)“asacuriousandadventuroustravelerinsearchof‘authentic’experiences”(1982:221).Perhapsbecauseofitsassociationwiththe“hippy”and“drifter”tour-ismofthe60sand70s,thebackpackersegmentofthetourismmarkethasnotalwaysbeenwelcomedbyThirdWorldregionalornationalgovernments(Cohen1973;Erb2000;Hall1997;Hampton1998;Loker-MurphyandPearce1995).Muchcredencehasbeengiventothestereotypicalimageofthebackpackerasanunkempt,immoral,drug-takingindividual.InSout
本文标题:Backpacker tourism and Third World development
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-4072206 .html