Chapter-2-Fundamentals-of-Debate

Chapter2FundamentalsofDebateHistory•History–West•GoldenAgeofGreece(over2000yearsago)andRomanEmpire.Aristotle(4thc.BCE)createdaformoflogic.Heartofdemocracy.–China•SpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriod(770-221BCE):Hundredsofschoolsofthoughtcontended.•TangDynasty)618-907ADE):blossomed.•Today•Lawmakersandlawyersincourtrooms,HouseofCommonsinGB,PresidentialElectionsinUS.BizDebate,AcademicDebate.•EssentialElementsfordebate–Topic,teams,ajudge.ElementsofaDebate•Topic–Alsocalledaresolution,amotionoraproposition.–Groundofadebate.Controversialissues.–Issueswithcommonknowledgeandsignificance.–About•Facts:Therecessionisover.•Values:Economicdevelopmentismoreimportantthanenvironmentalprotection.•orPolicies:PrivateautomobileownershipshouldbesubstantiallyreducedinChina.–Affirmative–Government/Gov–Proposition/Prop–Pro–Negative–Opposition/Opp–Con•DebateTeamsonOpposingSides–Teamsarerandomlyassignedtothesidetheywillsupportinthedebate.–Yourjobinadebateisnottoconvincetheotherteamtoacceptyourarguments,buttopersuadethejudgeortheaudiencetothinkthatyourargumentsarebetterandvoteforyourside.•Judges–Arealsocalledadjudicators.–Areusuallymoreexperienceddebatersorinstructors.–Should•Beobjective,notbasedonpersonalbeliefs.•Beknowledgeableaboutrules.•Makeadecisionandprovidereasonsforthedecision.•Giveanoralcritique.MajorFormatsofDebate•Formatsarerulestobeensurethatalldebatershavefairandequalopportunitiestowin.Timelimitsandspeakingorder.•Debateteamshavethesameamountofspeakingtimeandalternateingivingtheirspeeches.•Changing-topicformatandfixed-topicformat.•Lincoln-Douglasdebate:one-on-one.Cross-examinationdebate(policydebate):twopeopleonateam.•Parliamentarydebate–Motionannouncedonly15to25minutesbeforethebeginning.Extemporizeargumentswithnotestheywriteduringpreparation.–Numberofdebatersinvolvedvary:•AP:oneteamononeside,twopersonsononeteam.•AA:oneteamononeside,threepersonsononeteam.•BP:twoteamsononeside,twopersonsononeteam.•APDebate–UsedinNPDAandformanyyearsatFLTRPCupNationalEnglishDebatingCompetition.–Motionannouncement•Competition–Groupannouncement.–Threemotionsannouncedfortwoteamsinoneroomtorank.Iftwoteamshavedifferentchoices,aflipofcoin.•Classroomdebates–Announcedafewdayspriortothedebate.–Speakingorderandtimelimits•ConstructiveSpeeches(buildnewarguments)–LeaderofProp7’–LeaderofOpp8’–MemberofProp8’–MemberofOpp8’•Rebuttalspeeches(Nonewarguments)–LeaderofOpp4’–LeaderofProp5’•Total40’–POI(PointofInformation)•Toclarifyanissue•Toaskeaquestion•Topointoutaflawinthespeaker’sreasoning•Notallowedduringfirstminuteofconstructivespeech,oranytimeduringrebuttalspeech.•Shouldbeshortandconcise,nomorethan15”.•Speakercontrolswhethertotakeortorefuse.•Manner–Waysofaskingandresponding»Pointofinformation?»Stateyourpoint/Notatthistime.–Onequestionatatime.–Shouldnotstandupimmediatelyafterbeingdeclined.Otherwisewillbetakenasrudebythejudge.–ShouldtakeatleastonePOI.Otherwisethejudgewillthinkyouaretimid.–Rebuttal•Takenotesthrudebateandsummarizethemainpointstheyarewinning.•Nonewarguments.–Otherwise,debatersfromtheotherteamstandsupandsays:»PointofOrder.–Judgestopsthetimeandasksthedebater:»Stateyourpoint.»ThedebaterraisingthePOOmustexplainwhyitisnew.»ThedebaterofferingtheargumentmayexplainwhyitisNOTnew.–Judgedeclares:»Pointnotwelltaken.(Meaning:“Argumentnotnew.”)»Pointwelltaken.(“Argumentnew.”)»Takenunderconsideration.(“Statusofargumentwillbedecidedattheendofdebate.”)–Judgment•Decidewhichteamwins.•Assignspeakerpoints,rangingfrom3to30(upto50atFLTRPCUP).–Delivery,organization,refutation,reasoning,caseconstructive.•Twotypesofjudgments–Winningteamhasthehigherpoints.–Winningteammayhavelowerpointsthanlosingteam»Notgoodatspeakingandorganizing»Buthavethemostsignificantarguments.•BPDebate–AlsocalledWorldStyleainWUDC.–UsedbyIDEAandFLTRPCUP.–Preparationtime:15’.–Eachteampreparesseparately.–Judgmentbymatterandmanner.•Topteam—3points.•Second-rankingteam—2points.•Third-rankingteam—1point.•Lowestrankingteam—0point.•Teamswithmostpointsinpreliminaryroundsadvancetotheeliminationrounds.–POI•Askedbyalldebaters.Protectedtime:firstandlastminutes.–POO•Notallowed.–Speakingorderandtimelimits–PM7’–OppLeader7’–DPM7’–DOL7’–MofGov7’–MofProp7’–GovWhip7’–OppWhip7’•Total56’–Judgment•Assignspeakerpointstoeachdebateronascaleof1to100points.Theaverageforfourteamsis150points.•Totalpointsofdebatersmustmatchtheirranking.•Differentspeakerpointsononeteam.•AADebate–Twoteams•GovandOpp–Threedebatersononeteam–Preparationtime•15’–Speakingorderandtimelimits–PMConstructive7’–OLConstructive7’–DPMConstructive7’–DOLConstructive7’–GovWhipSummary7’–OppWhipSummary7’–OppReplySpeech4’–GovRepleySpeech4’•Total50’–ReplySpeeches•Rebuttalspeechesthatprovide–Areviewofthemajorclashinthedebateand–Reasonswhytheirteamiswinningthedebate.•Givenbyeitherofthefirsttwospeakersoftheteam.Onlythewhipispreventedfromgivingthisspeech.–POIs•Allowed–PointofOrder•Notallowed•Adjudicatordecideswhethertheargumentisnew.Ifnew,ignored.–Judgment•Matter—argumentconstruction,refutation,logic•Manner—delivery•Method—organizationaldynamics•Adjudicators–Voteoverth