《英语教学法》Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary

2020/3/21AssumptionsaboutvocabularyandvocabularylearningWhatdoesknowingawordinvolve?WaysofpresentingvocabularyWaysofconsolidatingvocabulary?DevelopingvocabualrylearningstrategiesAgreeordisagree?Avocabularyitemcanbemorethanoneword.Languagesconsistof“words”withequivalentsfromonelanuagetoanother?Vocabularycannotbetaught.Itmustbelearnedbytheindividuals.Bothteachersandstudentsneedtoknowthatthereisadifferencebetweenactiveandpassivevocabulary.Thebesteaytoexplainvocabularyistotranslate.English-englishexplanationsarethebestwayforvocabularyteaching.1.Yourunderstandingofvocabularyandvocabularylearning2020/3/222020/3/23AnEnglish-Englishdictionaryisanimportantaidforstuduents.Wordscanbetaughtandlearnedmosteffectivelyingroupswhicharerelatedtoeachotherinmeaning.Wordsmustbelearnedinlanguagecontext.Ifwedon’tusethewordswelearned,wewillsoonforgetthem.Knowingawordmeans:a)knowingitspronunciationandstress;b)knowingitsspellingandgrammaticalproperties;c)knowingitsmeaning;d)knowinghowandwhentouseittoexpresstheintendedmeaning.2.Whatdoesknowingawordinvolve?2020/3/242.1Wordsandtheirformspronounciationandstresswordformation3formsofwordbuilding:affixation:FreemorphemeandboundmorphemecompoundingconversionLexicalitem(lexicalchunk)wordsandpolywordscollocations/wordpartnershipsinstitutionalizedutterancessentenceframesandheads2.2WordsandtheirmeaningsDenotativemeaning(conceptualmeaning/cognitivemeaning):themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaningtheextensional(具体的，事实的）meaningofawordandissameforallspeakersofagivenlanguageconstantandstableConnotativemeaning:theintentionalmeaningoremotionalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning.theattitudesoremotionsofalanguageuserinchoosingawordandtheinfluenceoftheseonthelistenerorreader'sinterpretationoftheword(Hedge:2000)derivesfromamixofcultural,political,social,andhistoricalsources2020/3/27Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tour2020/3/28Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由语素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。E.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-ic2020/3/29Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。Amultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-是词根，‘接近’，ante-是前缀，‘在…前’，-ent是后缀，‘人，物’，2.3Wordsandtheiruse2020/3/2112.4ReceptiveandproductivevocabularyReceptive/passivevocabulary－wordsthatoneisabletorecognizeandcomprehendinreadingorlisteningbutunabletousethoseautomaticallyinspeakingorwriting.Productive/activevocabulary-wordsthatoneisnotonlyabletorecognizebutalsoabletouseinspeechandwritingareconsideredone’sproductive/activevocabulary.2020/3/212Atbeginnerlevel,mostnewwordslearnedbystudentsusuallyhaveimmediatepracticaluse,hencetheyquicklybecometheproductivevocabulary.However,asstudentslearnmoreandmorewords,theywillfindthatsomewordstheyareabletouseforspeakingandwritingandsomeareonlyrecognizablewhenencounteredinreading.Also,therearesomewordsthatafterbeingencounteredmoreandmoretimesgraduallyentersfromone’sreceptivetoone’sproductive.2020/3/213Implicationsonvoc.teaching(keytotask3):bothdenotativeandconnotativemeaningneedtobelearned;wordsarebetterunderstoodincontext;agroupofrelatedwordsislikelytobemorememorablethanalistofunrelateditems,i.e.wordslearnedwithsynonyms,antonymsorhyponyms;knowledgeofwordformationisausefulsourcefordevelopingvoc.exploringsenserelationsamong/betweenwordshelpwithlearningandrememberingwords.Teachersandlearnersneedtobeawareofthedifferencebetweenreceptiveandproductivevoc..Trytoprovideavisualorphysicaldemonstrationwheneverpossible,usingpictures,photos,videoclips,mimeorgesturestoshowmeaning.Provideaverbalcontexttodemonstratemeaning,thenaskstudentstotellthemeaningfirstbeforeitisofferedbytheteacher.Usesynomymsorantonymstoexplainmeanings.Uselexicalsetsorhyponymstoshowrelationssowordsandtheirmeanings,e.g.cook:fry,boil,bake,grill,etc.Translateandexempligy,esp.withtechnicalwordsorwordswithabstractmeaning.3.Waysofpresentingvocabulary2020/3/2142020/3/215Usewordformationrulesandcommonaffixestobuildnewlexicalknowledgeonwhatisalreadyknown.Teachvocabularyinchunks.(pre-fab)Thinkaboutthecontextinreallifewherethewordmightbeused.RelatenewlylearnedlanguagetoSS’reallifetopromotehighmotivation.Thinkaboutprovidingdifferentcontextforintroducingnewwords.PrepareforpossiblemisunderstandingorconfusionthatSsmayhave.2020/3/216LabelingUsewordseriesWordbingoWordassociationFindsynonymsandantonymsCategoriesUsingwordnet-workLabeleachpicturewithawordfromthelistunderneath.amobilephoneawebcamanMP3playeraUSBflashdrivealaptop2020/3/2182020/3/2192020/3/220ReviewregularlyGuessmeaningfromcontextOrganizing