托福阅读长难句(pdf)-高中课件精选

托福阅读第二讲托福阅读长难句1本节课授课目标•1.句子的主要成分•2.句子之间的逻辑关系•3.长难句综合分析•4.句子简化题的标识和出题形式•5.解答句子简化题2句子的主干句子的主干指的是句子的核心信息。包括句子的主要成分和主要的逻辑关系。长难句各个成分的识别：3定语从句•Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.4定语从句•ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-Westtradecouldcreate.5名词性从句•Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;iftheyarenowbelowthewater’suppersurface(thewatertable),thegravelsandsandsoftheformerriverbed,anditssandbars,willbesaturatedwithgroundwater.6名词性从句•Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.7名词性从句WesternFarmersborrowedwiththeconfidentexpectationthattheexpandingeconomywouldkeepfarmpriceshigh,thusmakingiteasytorepayloanswhentheyfelldue.8状语从句•Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem—evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.9状语从句•Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlycompletecoveroflow-lyingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whilehigherupthenumberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.10非谓语动词•Withclimax,biome,superorganism,andvariousothertechnicaltermsfortheassociationofanimalsandplantsatagivenlocalitybeingcriticized,thetermecosystemwasmoreandmorewidelyadoptedforthewholesystemofassociatedorganismstogetherwiththephysicalfactorsoftheirenvironment.11•n.+todo/ed/ing/介词短语•attemptstolinkimageswithrecordedsound•cropsraisedbywesternfarmers•pumpsextractingwaterfromwatertable•associationsofplantsandanimalsatagivenlocality12插入语等其他结构•justashadmanypreviousattempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.13of•Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.14倒装句式•OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeaningsbecomeobscuredorevenlost.•Amongthekeyfactorsbehindthisgrowthwereincreasedagriculturalproductivityandanexpansionoftrade.15划出定语(后置)定语从句状语（地点时间程度副词）插入语•剩下的部分，主要是：主语＋谓语＋宾语16举例•Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.17•ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-Westtradecouldcreate.18•夜晚需要宁静•花蕾需要更充足丰富的营养，才能释放美丽的花朵•释放与吸收，选对时间了吗？•背负选择•求知欲，平静，不安•被黑星星追赶•遇见一扇门，冲进，紧锁着•夹住了黑星星的手•门缝中露出了黑色的手指甲•换取暂且的安全19主要的逻辑关系•因果•常见标志：because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,cause，leadto，resultin／from20因果关系•隐含标志：accordingly，giveriseto，produce，spark，comefrom，beattributableto，beresponsiveto，reflect，suggest，show，imply，demonstrate，contributeto,beresponsiblefor,accountfor21Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity.社会学家认为主要团体是个人和社会之间的桥梁,因为主要团体传播和解释社会文化模式,并为社会提供统一意识,这对社会的团结是十分重要的。22比较常见标志：对象A＋比较级＋对象B同级比较“差异”:same,different，unlike，similarresemble“超越”:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel.23Timberlinetreesarenormallyevergreens,suggestingthatthesehavesomeadvantageoverdeciduoustrees(thosethatlosetheirleaves)intheextremeenvironmentsoftheuppertimberline.树带界线内通常是常绿树木,他们和处于上行树带界线处极端恶劣环境中生长的落叶树木相比,具有一定的优势。24转折1.转折关系but,however,yet(然而),onthecontrary,contraryto,contrarily,by(in)contrast(to),whereas,ratherthan,insteadof,unlike,infact(effect),actually弱转,conversely2.让步关系although,muchas,though,eventhough(if),even,despite,inspiteof,nevertheless,anyhow(anyway),as,while（虽然、尽管、即使）,still（尽管如此）25Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness.•例如,一些早期社会的人们认为有的仪式对他们的幸福生活来说不再是必需品,并且取•消了那些仪式。虽然如此,人们还是保留了那些口头传述故事的传统并且热爱从这些仪式里发展起来的神话,出于它们的艺术性,而不是宗教原因。26并列和递进•并列词：and（和）、aswellas（也）、likewise（同样的）、while（与此同时）、similarly（类似地）、or（或者）、simultaneously（同时发生地）、meanwhile（同时）、inthemeantime、neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso27•递进词：still、also、indeed、furthermore（进一步）、moreover（而且、此外）、even（甚至、更）、besides(注意区分except),additionally,inaddition,what’smore28Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain:constructiveprocessessuchasuplift,whichcreatenew