爆炸冲击波伤害破坏作用定量分析

,,(中国人民武装警察部队学院,河北廊坊065000):针对爆炸事故后果定量分析中存在的模糊认识,对冲击波超压估算方法和爆炸能量计算模型进行了系统论述。冲击波的破坏伤害作用主要取决于峰值超压的大小,立方根比例定律是定量估算冲击波超压最常用的方法。物理性爆炸产生的能量大小与容器内介质的状态和容器的容积有关,化学性爆炸能量的大小主要取决于参与爆炸性燃烧反应的可燃物质的量和燃烧热。蒸气云爆炸能量的估算方法主要有TNT法和TNO法两种,蒸气云爆炸及爆轰的破坏伤害作用既可使用立方根比例定律进行分析,也可以直接使用相关经验模型。:爆炸;冲击波;峰值超压;立方根比例定律;蒸气云爆炸:X932,TQ564:A:1009-0029(2009)06-0390-06,,,,1(),,,p,,1.1p12,,,,,,,11000kgTNTp/kPa56615152020304050,6070,70100100200,2003002p/kPa19.619.629.429.449.049.098.098.01.2Hopkinson-Cranz,Hopkinson-Cranz(1)z=R/E1/3(1):R,m;E,kJ1.2.11973,BakerTNTTNTmTNT,R,(2)ze=R/m1/3TNT(2):mTNT=E/QTNT,QTNTTNT,4686kJ/kgTNT1,(3)ppa=16161+ze4.521+ze0.04821+ze0.3221+ze1.352(3)390FireScienceandTechnology,June2009,Vol28,No.6:paTNTze,1,(3),0.51TNTze1.2.2BakerTNT(4)RR0=3mTNTmTNT0=p=p0(4):R0,m;mTNT0TNT,kg;p,kPa;p0,kPa;(4),TNT,TNT,(4)()31000kgTNT,,32R,1.3,,1968Jarrett100(TNT,136.1kg2.4106kg),,(5)31000kgTNTR0/mp/MPaR0/mp/MPa52.9462.0671.6781.2790.95100.76120.50140.330160.235180.170200.126250.079300.057350.043400.0330450.0270500.0235550.0205600.0180650.0160700.0143750.0130900.01001090.00751440.00501660.00402010.0030R=Km1/3TNT1+3175mTNT21/6(5):R,m;K,,4,B,;,4KA3.8B4.650%75%,,Cb9.6,12,,Ca28,D56,10%,2,,,,,,2.1,391消防科学与技术20096286,,,,,(6)Eg=pV-11-0.1013p-1103(6):Eg,kJ;p,MPa;V,m3;,,1.4,1.21.351.41.4(7)E=CV(7):E,kJ;C,kJ/m3C=2.5p1-0.1013p0.2857103Cp,651.4001.1801.4001.1301.3971.1001.4121.2201.3501.1501.3151.3951.2951.3201.2741.3101.4001.2801.3101.1901.2501.1351.3201.3006(=1.4)p/MPaC/kJm-3p/MPaC/kJm-30.32.01022.63.91030.54.61024.16.71030.77.51025.18.61030.91.11036.51.11041.11.410315.12.71041.72.410332.16.5104,=1.135,(8)Ev=CvV(8):Ev,kJ;Cv,kJ/m3Cv=7.5p1-0.1013p0.1189103,77(=1.135)p/MPaCv/kJm-3Cw/kJm-30.44.51029.61030.68.51021.71040.91.51032.71041.42.81034.11042.66.21036.71043.17.71037.71042.2,,,,,,(9)EgL=[(H1-H2)-(S1-S2)Tb]m(9):EgL,kJ;H1,kJ/kg;H2,kJ/kg;S1,kJ/(kgK);S2,kJ/(kgK);Tb,K;m,kg,(10)Ew=CwV(10):Ew,kJ;Cw,kJ/m3,7;V,m32.3,,(11)EL=(p-p0)2Vt2(11):EL,J;p,Pa;p0,Pa;V392FireScienceandTechnology,June2009,Vol28,No.6,m3;atpt,Pa-13,()3.1,(),(12)E=VHc(12):E,kJ;V(),Nm3;Hc(),kJNm-33.2,(VCEs,VaporCloudExplosions),,,CFD(ComputationalFluidDynamics),,;,,,,,,TNTTNOMECAM,,TNTTNO3.2.1TNTTNTTNT,TNTmTNT(13)mTNT=mHcQTNT(13):,0.04;m,kg,2%20%,3%;,6%,16%18%883%6%19%TNT,(2)1(3)(4)3TNT,3.2.2TNOTNO(TheNetherlandsOrganizationforAppliedScienceResearch,TNO)1985,TNO,,,2323Sachsps(p/pa)SachsR(RE/pa)1/3R,p,kPa;pa,kPa;R,m;E,kJ;t+,s;c0,m/s23,,1101,10,,393消防科学与技术2009628623,67,,,,,,,:,1;,2;,3;,7;,10,,710,,3.2.3,(14)lnpps=-0.9126-1.5058ln2R-0.032ln3R(14):0.3R=R(E/pa)1/3123.2.4,,95%(1)50%R1(15)R1=1.980m0.447p(15):R1,m;mp,kg;mp=mHcQp,Qp,50290kJkg-1(2)R250%,44kPaR2(16)R2=9.187m1/3p(16)(3)R31%,17kPaR3(17)R3=17.877m1/3p(17)3.2.51979,TNO,(18),,R=C(NE)1/3(18):R,m;C,0.030.4,9;N,,10%;E,kJ,E9C10.031%50%50%20.061%1%30.1540.4010%394FireScienceandTechnology,June2009,Vol28,No.64,,,,,;TNTTNO,,,,,:[1],,.[J].,2008,18(9):29-36.[2],.LNG[J].,2003,23():307-311.[3].[J].,2004,28(4):40-41.[4],,.[M].:,2004.[5],.[M].:,2004.[6].[M].:,2004.[7],.[M].:,2004.[8],.LPG[J].,2005,27(6):12-15.[9].[J].,2005,31(9):52-54.[10],,.[M].:,2005.[11],,,.TNO[J].(),2006,34(5):109-114.[12],.LNG[J].,2006(11):25-27.[13],,.[M].:,2007.[14].[M].:,2008.[15]A.,F..[M].,().:,2004.[16]CenterforChemicalProcessSafety.GuidelinesforEvaluatingtheCharacteristicsofVaporCloudExplosions,FlashFires,andBLEVEs[M].NewYork:AmericanInstituteforChemicalEngineers,1994.QuantitativeanalysisforconsequenceofexplosionshockwaveFUZhi-min,HUANGJin-yin,ZANGNa(ChinesePeople'sArmedPoliceForceAcademy,HebeiLangfang065000,China)Abstract:Bothphysicalexplosionandchemicalexplosionmayresultinseriousdamageduetoshockwave.Theestimatingmethodsforshockwaveoverpressureandcalculatingmodelsforexplosionenergyarestudiedsystemataciallytoquantitativelyanalyzethedamageofshockwave.Thedamageofshockwavemainlydependsonpeakoverpressureandscaledcuberootdistanceisthemostcommonmethodtoestimatetheshockwaveoverpressure.Energyreleasedbyphysicalexplosionisrelatedtophaseofmaterialandvolumeofthecontainer.Energyreleasedbychemicalexplosiondependsonquantityofcombustiblesubstancesandcombustionheat.TherearetwomethodsofTNTequivalentmethodandTNOmulti-energymethodtocalculatetheenergyofvaporcloudexplosion.Thedamageofvaporcloudexplosionanddetonationcanbeanalyzedbyeitherscaledcuberootlaworrelevantexperiencemodels.Quantitativeanalysisonconsequenceofexplosionaccidentsisofgreatpracticalsignificanceforidentificationandclassificationoffiremajorhazard,mappingoutfire-fighting&rescuepreplananddecisionmakingforexplosion&fireaccidentsrescue.Keywords:explosion;shockwave;peakoverpressure;scaledcuberootlaw;vaporcloudexplosion作者简介:傅智敏(1968-),女,中国人民武装警察部队学院消防工程系防火工程教研室主任,教授,博士,主要从事消防工程专业教育、工业企业防火、火灾风险分析技术、易燃易爆危险品消防以及灭火剂方面的教学、科研和管理工作,河北省廊坊市,065000。收稿日期:2009-02-25395消防科学与技术20096286