How to write and publish a scientific paper

HowtowriteandpublishascientificpaperSixthEditionRobertA.DayBarbaraGastelSomePreliminaries•Whatisscientificwriting?Thetermscientificwritingcommonlydenotesthereportingoforiginalresearchinjournals,throughscientificpapersinstandardformat.•HistoricalperspectivesTheIMRADorganization(IntroductionMethodsResultsandDiscussion)•Whatisascientificpaper?Ascientificpaperisawrittenandpublishedreportdescribingoriginalresearchresults.ValidpublicationPreparingtheText•Howtopreparethetitle①ImportanceofthetitleWedefineitasthefewestpossiblewordsthatadequatelydescribethecontentsofthepaper.②LengthofthetitleNottooshortandnottoolong③ImportanceofsyntaxMostofthegrammaticalerrorsintitleareduetofaultywordorder.④AbbreviationsandjargonTitlesshouldalmostnevercontainabbreviations,chemicalformulas,proprietarynames,jargon,andthelike.•Howtolisttheauthorsandaddresses①TheorderofthenamesTherearenoagreed-uponrulesorgenerallyacceptedconventions.(alphabetically)②DefinitionofauthorshipWhoactivelycontributedtotheoveralldesignandexecutionoftheexperiments③PurposesIdentifytheauthorandhowtocontacthimorher.•Howtopreparetheabstract①DefinitionAnabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.②TypesofabstractsInformativeabstractandindicativeabstracts③EconomyofwordsPaperitself•Howtowritetheintroduction①Suggestedrules1、TheIntroductionshouldpresentfirst,withallpossibleclaritythenatureandscopeoftheprobleminvestigated2、Itshouldbrieflyreviewthepertinentliteraturetoorientthereader.3、Itshouldstatethemethodoftheinvestigationifdeemednecessary,thereasonsforthechoiceofaparticularmethodshouldbestated.4、Itshouldstatetheprincipalresultsoftheresults.5、Itshouldstatethepricipalconclusionssuggestedbytheresults.②CitationsandabbreviationsTheIntroductionistheproperplacetodefineanyspecializedtermsorabbreviationsthatyouintendtouse.•Howtowritethematerialsandmethodssection①PurposeofthesectionThemainpurposeoftheMaterialsandMethodssectionistodescribedesignandthenprovideenoughdetailsothatacompetentworkercanrepeattheexperiments.②MaterialsSometimesitisevennecessarytolistpertinetchemicalandphysicalpropertiesofthereagentsused.③MethodsFormethodstheusualorderofpresentationischronological.④HeadingsTheMaterialsandMethodssectionoftenhassubheadings.⑤MeasurementsandanalysisBeprecise.⑥Needforreferences⑦TablesandfiguresMakethedataandresultsclearly.•Howtowritetheresults①ContentoftheresultsFirst,youshouldgivesomekindofoveeralldescriptionoftheexperiments,providingthe“bigpicture,”without,however,repeatingtheexperimentaldetailspreviouslyprovidedinMaterialsandMethods.Second,youshouldpresentthedata.②HowtohandlenumbersTablesandgraphs③StriveforclarityClearlyandsimply④Avoidredundancy•HowtowritetheDiscussion①DiscussionandverbiageDiscussionisusuallythehardestsectiontowrite②ComponetsoftheDiscussion1、Trytopresentpinciples,relationships,andgeneralizationsshownbytheResults.2、Piontoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelationanddefineunsettledpoints.3、Showhowyourresultsandinterpretationagreewithpreviouslypublisedwork.4、Don’tbeshy;discussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications.5、Stateyourconclusionsasclearlyaspossible.6、Summarizeyourevidenceforeachconclusion.③Factualrelationships④Definingscientifictruth•Howtostatetheacknowledgments①IngredientsoftheacknowledgmentsFirst,youshouldacknwledgeanysignificanttechnicalhelpthatyoureceivedfromanyindividual,whetherinyourlaboratoryorelsewhere.Second,itisusuallytheAcknwledgmentswhereinyoushouldacknowlegeanyoutsidefinancialassistance.②Beingcourteous•Howtocitereferences①RulestofollowFirst,youshouldlistonlysignificantpublishedreferences.Second,checkallpartsofeveryreferenceagaisttheoriginalpublicationbeforethemanuscriptissubmittedandperhapsagainattheproofstage.②Referencestyle1、Nameandyearsystem2、Alphabet-numbersystem3、CitationordersystemOVER--------朱晓冬