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2017年高考语法复习系列一名词(Noun)名词名词的定义:表示人、事物、时间、地点或抽象概念名称的词叫名词。名词的分类专有名词:China,ProfessorLi,Sunday普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词:book集体名词:people物质名词:wheat抽象名词:healthI可数名词的数考点一:可数名词复数的构成(规则变化)-见5.31.一般在词尾加-s:books,cats,dogs,beds2.以s,sh,ch,x结尾的在词尾加-es:classes,boxes,watches,dishes3.以f,fe结尾的词,改f,fe为v,再加-es:knife-knives,leaf-leaves,life-lives,thief-thieves(注:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成了两半。)下列词例外:roofs,gulfs,beliefs)4.以辅音字母+y结尾的,改y为i,再加-es:story-stories,city-cities,family-families,baby-babies注:以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s:boys,toys,keys5.以o结尾的词,一般加-s或者-es如-见5.3以o结尾的词:加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco加es:Negro,hero,tomato,potato黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿另:zero(zeros或zeroes)6.合成名词的复数形式:-见5.3①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数:(有主干名词的在主干名词之后加”S”)looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law②将最后一部分变为复数:(若无名词,则在合成词末尾加”S”)grown-up(s),go-between(s)(中间人),good-for-nothing(s)(无用之人)③含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词:它们始终为单数,其后的名词则用复数形式。如:boystudents,girlfriends,ladydrivers④含man或woman的合成名词:它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如:amandoctor,twomendoctors1)child---childrenox(牛)---oxenfoot---feettooth---teethgoose---geesemouse---miceman---menwoman---womenbasis---basesanalysis(分析)---analysescrisis---crisesthesis---thesescriterion---criteriaphenomenon(方面)---phenomenamedium—mediabacterium(细菌)---bacteriadatum-data考点二:不规则变化的可数名词复数:注意:由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是theBowmans-见5.32)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,means,series,species,crossroads,Headquarters,head头(量词),works(作品、工厂)-见5.3spacecraft,aircraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss(yuan,li,jin,twoli,threemu,fourjin等。)但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:peoplepolicecattle等本就是复数,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.。集体名词视具体情况而定单复数(见语法卷P1考点一)(强调整体用单数,强调个体谓语动词用复数):family,class,team,group,audience,committeestaff,crew,public,couple4)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等。Quiz.常考的可数名词的复数给出下列名词的复数形式policemanchildmousetoothfootpotatoheroleafshelfrooflifebabymonkeybranchthiefmosquitopolicemenchildrenmiceteethfeetpotatoesheroesleavesshelvesroofslivesbabiesmonkeysbranchesthievesmosquitoeswatchladyfoxflybrushtomatoinchhalfkilopianocalfpasser-bygo-betweengrown-upgirlfriendsister-in-lawmanservantlooker-onwatchesladiesfoxesfliesbrushestomatoesincheshalveskilospianoscalvespassers-bygo-betweensgrown-upsgirlfriendssisters-in-lawmenservantslookers-onII:常考的不可数名词progressadvicenewsinformationfurniturefunbaggageluggagewealthJewel(l)ryweatherequipmentresearchknowledgehomework表示不可数名词的数量,要在它的前面加表示数量的短语:apieceof…1)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。b.news为不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。3.物质名词有前置定语修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。havebreakfasthaveawonderfulbreakfastTheroadiscoveredwithsnow.Theyhaveaheavysnoweveryyear.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Wehadawonderfultimelastnight.2.抽象意义转化为具体意义:(见语法卷P2考点四)success,pleasure,surprise,failure,danger等意味“…的人/事”tea,coffee,food等意为“…一(多)种acollectionof;aknowledgeof,apopulationof;anunderstandingof…4.有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如:Theboyburstintotearsatthebadnews.Therisingwatersdidalotofharmtothecrops.Thestonebridgebrokedowninheavyrains.III.常考名词单复数的特殊情况:(1)有没有s结尾意义不同:glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods(货物),time–times(时代),paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),experience–experiences(经历),arm–arms(武器),fish-fishes(鱼的种类)compass(指南针)–compasses(圆规),(2)姓氏后加s并带冠词,表一家人或夫妇俩:theGreens;theChengs(3)常考的只以复数形式出现的名词:补充考点2记忆)makepreparationsfor;makecontributionsto;Makefriendswith;shakehandswith;bestwishesto;congratulations;cheers;affairs;feelings;things;intears;inruins;inhighspirits;inpieces;inchains(被囚禁);intohalves;Inone’steens/twenties/thirtiesInthe1990s(3)名词单复数形式意义相同的短语:•makefaces/aface(做鬼脸)•Havetalks/atalkwithsb.(与某人交谈)•Playjokes/ajokeon(拿…开玩笑)•Makecontributions/acontributionto(为…做贡献)(4)名词单复数意义不同的短语:•Haveawordwithsb.(与…某人说句话)•Havewordswithsb.(与…某人吵架)•Makecloth(织布)•Makeclothes(制衣)一:’s型用法(有生命的所有格)规则---5.3•1.有生命的所有格–5.3•李平的自行车•汤姆的作品••TomandMary’sfatherTom’sandMary’sfathers•2.表某人家,店铺名称,常省去所有格后的名词.•AtGreen’s,atmyuncle’s•Atthetailor’sLiping’sbikeTom’sworks共有各有•3表示时间,距离,集体,城市,国家,团体,机构等.--5.3•today’snewspapertenminutes’walk•thestation’swaitingroom•4.somebody,someone,who+else所有格加在else后.•如果这字典不是你的,会是谁的?•Ifthisdictionaryisn’tyours,who•else’scanitbe?二:of型---5.3•1.Of型(无生命名词所有格)•我们学校的学生•房间的窗户Thestudentsofourschoolthewindowoftheroom2.双重属格:既有~’s的属格,又有of~的属格。通常~’s属格表示所有关系,of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s3.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用ofone’sown表示,不可用of+反身代词。例如:Thisisthehouseofmyown.1.作主语2.作宾语3.作表语Heisanartist.Heplayedfootballyesterday.TomoftenwatchesTVeverySunday.名词在句子中充当的成分4.作定语5.作宾语补足语HenamedthebabyTonny.MissWuisanEnglishteacher.常考点小结:一.名词的数1.可数名词的复数变化(规则6、不规则4
本文标题:2017名词
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