chapter11.language-acquisition

Chapter11LanguageAcquisition语言习得Maincontents1.Firstlanguageacquisition2.Secondlanguageacquisition3.IndividualdifferencesinL2acquisition4.InstructionandL2acquisitionLanguageAcquisitionFirstlanguageacquisitionSecondlanguageacquisition1.FirstlanguageacquisitionLanguagewasacreativeactoftheindividualandthathumanshadaninnatecapacityforlanguage,whichbynomeansendowedbyculture.-----VonhumboltTheindividual’spotentialforlanguageisuniversal.------ChomskyTermsL1acquisition(firstlanguageacquisition)todescribetheprocesswherebychildrenbecomespeakersoftheirnativelanguageorlanguages,althoughsomelinguistsprefertousethetermlanguagelearning.Acquisitionvs.LearningAcquisition习得:referstothegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituations.Learning学习:appliedtoaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofthevocabularyandgrammarofalanguage,particularlythroughformalinstruction.FirstLanguageAcquisitionWhydowecallitlanguageacquisition?LearningIntentionalprocessPresupposesteachingTeachercontrolspaceAcquisitionUnconsciousprocessDoesnotpresupposeteachingChildcontrolspace1.1TwoapproachestoLanguageAcquisitionA.Behavioristapproach行为主义方法B.Innatenessapproach天赋取向法FirstLanguageAcquisitionA.Behaviorism(行为主义)Welearnlanguagethroughaprocessofstimulus(hearing,input)andresponse.Correctresponsesarerewarded,asisourcorrectlanguageuse,whichincreasesovertime.Keyphrase:HabitFormationPavlov(巴甫洛夫)Conditionedreflex(条件反射)FirstLanguageAcquisitionBehaviorism(行为主义)B.F.Skinner(B.F.斯金纳)“stimulus-response-imitation-reinforcement”approachSayWhatISayChildren’simitationsarenotrandom:Theirimitationisselectiveandbasedonwhattheyarecurrentlylearning.Theychoosetoimitatesomethingtheyhavealreadybeguntounderstand,ratherthansimplyimitatingwhatisavailableintheenvironment.Children’spracticeofnewlanguageformsThewaytheypracticenewformsisverysimilartothewayforeignlanguagestudentsdosubstitutiondrills(替换练习).Theirpracticeoflanguageformsisalsoselectiveandreflectswhattheywouldliketolearn.Theyareofteninchargeoftheconversationwithadults.However,childrendouselanguagecreatively,notjustrepeatwhattheyhaveheard.PatternsinlanguageMother:Maybeweneedtotakeyoutothedoctor.Randall(36months):Why?Sohecandocmylittlebump?”Son:Iputtedtheplatesonthetable!Mother:Youmean,Iputtheplatesonthetable.Son:No,Iputtedthemonallbymyself.Imitationandpracticealonecannotexplainsomeoftheformscreatedbychildren.Childrenappeartopickoutpatternsandthengeneralizeorovergeneralizethemtonewcontexts.Theycreatenewformsornewusesofwords.FirstLanguageAcquisitionB.Theinnateness(天赋)approachWearebornwithaLanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)andaccesstoUniversalGrammar(UG).UniversalGrammar(普遍语法)LinguistNoamChomskyWearenotbornknowingChinese,orEnglish,orThai.Rather,wearebornwithinnateknowledgeofcertainuniversalstructures.FirstLanguageAcquisition“UGconsistsofasetofinnate(天生的),abstract,linguisticprincipleswhichgovernwhatispossibleinhumanlanguage”(Larsen-Freeman&Long,p.230).Childrenarebornwithaspecificinnateabilitytodiscoverforthemselvestheunderlyingrulesofalanguagesystemonthebasisofthesamplesofanaturallanguagetheyareexposedto.KeyPhrase:RuleFormationInnatism(天赋论):It’sallinyourmindThebiologicalbasisfortheinnatistposition:TheCriticalPeriodHypothesis(CPH)（关键期假说）–Lenneberg:Thereisaspecificandlimitedtimeperiod(i.e.,“criticalperiod”)fortheLADtoworksuccessfully.ThebestevidencefortheCPHisthatvirtuallyeverychildlearnslanguageonasimilarscheduleinspiteofdifferentenvironments.Pre-languagestages前语言阶段（3－10months）Theone-wordorholophrasticstage独词或整体语阶段(12－18months)Thetwo-wordstage双语阶段（18－20months）Multiple-wordstage多词句阶段(2－3yrs)1.2StagesofFirstLanguageAcquisitionPrelinguisticSounds前语言声音0-1mo.Sleep,eat,cry1mo.Intonational(语调)patterns2-5mos.Cooing(咕咕)stage5-12mos.Babbling(婴儿发出的咿呀之声)stagePre-languagestagesCooing:3monthsoldthefirstrecognizalblesoundswithvelarconsonantssuchas[k][g]aswellashighvowelssuchas[i][u]Babbling:6monthsoldfricatives,nasals,syllabletypesounds9monthsoldrecognizableintonationpatterns,combination10-11monthsoldusevocalizationstoexpressemotionsandemphasisOne-wordStage(holophrastic)(单词句的)1yr.emergenceoffirstword1yr.,6mos.Holophrasticstageintonationlayersonmeaning‘fis’phenomenonTheone-wordorholophrasticstageCharacterizedbyspeechinwhichsingletermsareutteredforeverydayobjects.AlreadyextendingtheiruseMostverbsandnouns,infrequentfunctionwordsTendtoinformativewordsextendingtheiruseMamaMamaiscoming!IsawMama’ssocks!MilkIwantmilk….StagesofFirstLanguageAcquisitionTwo-wordStage2yrs.Twowords,threepossibleinterpretationsSubject-verb‘Marygo.’Verb-modifier‘Pushtruck.’Possessor-possessed‘Mommysock’Contentwords,nofunctionwordsThetwo-wordstageBeginAround18to20months,Aschild’svocabularymovesbeyond50distinctwordsCombinations:Mamabook.Toymine.Babychair.SockprettyMamabookA)possession:ThisisMama’sbook.b)request:Mamagavemethebook.(c)statement：Mamaisreadingthebook.TelegraphicStage2yrs.,6mos.telegraphicstage2-5wordswithlittleextramorphology(构词法)MorphologicalovergeneralizationEasi