语言学简明教程Chapter 2

1Chapter2Phonetics:SpeechSounds2.1Introduction2.2SpeechOrgans(articulators)2.3ThePhoneticPropertiesofSpeechSounds2.4.Vowels2Q:Arelanguagesprimarilyspokenorwritten?1.Whatisphonetics?Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.[p]bilabial,stop.2.1Introduction3Therearethreedifferentbranchesofphonetics:Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)---“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”fromthespeakers’pointofviewAuditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)----“howsoundsareperceived”fromthehearers’pointofviewAcousticphonetics(声学语音学)---Itdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.2.Branchesofphonetics:main41.Lips2.Teeth3.Teethridge(alveolarridge)4.Hardpalate5.Softpalate(velum)6.Uvula7.Tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue9.Backoftongue10.Vocalcords11.Pharyngealcavity(pharynx)12.Nasalcavity13.Oralcavity14.Glottis(声门）15.trachea(windpipe)（气管）2.2SpeechOrgans(articulators)1312111415513111267Oralcavity----themouth(1)MostofthesoundsinChineseandEnglishareoralsounds.E.g.:[b][p][t]…Nasalcavity----thenose(2)InEnglish,thethreesounds[m],[n]and[N],arenasal.Alltheothersoundsareoral.Pharyngealcavity(Pharynx)----thethroat(3)vocalcordsclosed:voiced.E.g.，[b],[d]vocalcordsopen:voicelessE.g.，[p],[t]air→lung→glottis→pharynx(pharyngealcavity)→uvular→nasalcavityoralcavityThreeimportantareas(resonatingcavities):main8Thegreatestsourceofmodificationoftheairstreamisfoundintheoralcavity.Themainplacesinvolvedaretheback,thefrontandthebladeofthetongue,andalsoitsextremefront—thetip,theuvula,thevelum,thehardpalate,thealveolarridge,theteethandthelips.9Thenasalcavityisconnectedwiththeoralcavity.Thesoftpartoftheroofofthemouth,thevelum,canbedrawnbacktoclosethepassagesothatallairexitingfromthelungscanonlygothroughthemouth.Thesoundsproducedinthisconditionarenotnasalized.Ifthepassageisleftopentoallowairtoexitthroughthenose,thesoundsproducedarenasalizedsounds.10Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing,whichisafeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonantsinEnglish.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless.11ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds----Englishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:2.3ThePhoneticPropertiesofSpeechSoundsNote:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformer，theairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.VowelsConsonants12[p]poor[f]five[r]red[b]best[v]visit[m]money;fame[t]take[w]way[n]skin;no[d]dog[F]cash[N]link;doing[k]kite[V]measure[W]thank[g]goat[h]hate[T]this[s]say[j]you[tF]China[z]zoo[l]love;little[dV]joke(24)Consonants临时搭配:[ts]students[dz]beds[tr]tree[dr]dream132.Thepositionofthevelum(nasality:nasal/oral)InEnglish,thethreesounds[m],[n],and[N]arenasal.Alltheothersoundsareoral.What’sthepropertiesofeveryspeechsound?Whatstateisthespeechorganwhenaparticularsoundisproduced?Howmanyorgansareconcerned?Howdospeechsoundsdifferfromeachother?PropertiesofConsonants1.Thestateofthevocalcords(voicing:voiced/voiceless):voiced:[b][d][g][v][z][V][dV][T]etc.voiceless:[p][t][k][f][s][F][tF][W]etc.TheyaretheonlyvoicelessconsonantsinEnglish(8),andvowelsareallvoiced.14(Differentspeechorgansmayhavedifferentshapesandpositions)bilabial:[p],[b],[m];labiodental:[f],[v];interdental(dental):[W],[T];alveolar:[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r];palatal:[F],[V],[tF],[dV],[j];velar:[k],[g],[N],[w];glottal:[h].3.Placesofarticulation①stops/plosives:[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g];②fricatives:[f],[v],[s],[z],[W],[T],[F],[V];③affricates:[tF],[dV];④approximants:[j],[w],[l],[r],[h].completelyblockedforaperiodoftime,andthenreleasedsuddenly.Itcannotbeprolongedormaintained.Forcingairthroughanarrowpassagesothatahissingsoundiscreated.Itispossibletomaintainafricativesoundaslongasyourbreathholdsout.Forcingairthroughanarrowpassage,butreleaseslowlythroughanarrowpassage.Acombinationof①and②.Twoarticulatorscomeclosetogether,butnotenoughtocausefrictionorstoppage.Weakobstruction.4.MannersofArticulation(degreesofobstruction)Couldyoudescribeandtellthedifferenceof/z/and/d/?16TheDescriptionofEnglishconsonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelarGlottalStopsorplosivesVL[p][t][k]VD[b][d][g]Frica-tivesVL[f][W][s][F]VD[v][T][z][V]Affri-catesVL[tF]VD[dV]NasalsVD[m][n][N]LiquidsVD[l],[r][h]GlidesVD[j][w]17Howtodescribethefollowingconsonants?(voicing,nasality,placesofarticulation,mannersofarticulation)/Ө/:/k/:/t∫/:/n/:/l/:/f/:voiceless,(oral),interdentalandfricativesound.voiceless,(oral),velarandplosivesound.voiceless,(oral),palatalandaffricatesound.voiced,nasal,alveolarsound.voiced,(oral),alveolarapproximantsound.voiceless,(oral),labiodental,fricativesound.18Review:1.Simplyspeaking,whatisphonetics?2.Whatarethebranchesofphonetics?3.Whatarethethreeresonatingcavities?4.HowmanyconsonantsarethereinEnglish?5.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?mai