高中化学元素性质

高中化学方程式第一周期：氢氦----侵害第二周期：锂铍硼碳氮氧氟氖----鲤皮捧碳蛋养福奶第三周期：钠镁铝硅磷硫氯氩----那美女桂林留绿牙第四周期：钾钙钪钛钒铬锰----嫁给康太反革命铁钴镍铜锌镓锗----铁姑捏痛新嫁者砷硒溴氪----生气休克第五周期：铷锶钇锆铌----如此一告你钼锝钌----不得了铑钯银镉铟锡锑----老爸银哥印西提碲碘氙----地点仙第六周期：铯钡镧铪----（彩）色贝（壳）蓝（色）河钽钨铼锇----但（见）乌（鸦）（引）来鹅铱铂金汞砣铅----一白巾供它牵铋钋砹氡----必不爱冬（天）第七周期：钫镭锕----防雷啊！以上是横着按周期背。下面是竖着按族背：氢锂钠钾铷铯钫请李娜加入私访（李娜什么时候当皇上啦）铍镁钙锶钡镭媲美盖茨被累（呵！想和比尔.盖茨媲美，小心累着）硼铝镓铟铊碰女嫁音他（看来新郎新娘都改名了）碳硅锗锡铅探归者西迁氮磷砷锑铋蛋临身体闭氧硫硒碲钋养牛西蹄扑氟氯溴碘砹父女绣点爱（父女情深啊）氦氖氩氪氙氡害耐亚克先动一、非金属单质（F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H）1、氧化性：①氟F2+H2===2HF(阴暗处爆炸)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2(水是还原剂)2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O熔融条件下：F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2在水溶液中Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3ClCl2+2KI===2KCl+I2Cl2+2I=2Cl+I23Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓(水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O2一家请驴脚拿银，（一价氢氯钾钠银）二家羊盖美背心。（二价氧钙镁钡锌）一价氢氯钾钠银二价氧钙钡镁锌三铝四硅五价磷二三铁、二四碳一至五价都有氮铜汞二价最常见正一铜氢钾钠银正二铜镁钙钡锌三铝四硅四六硫二四五氮三五磷一五七氯二三铁二四六七锰为正碳有正四与正二再把负价牢记心负一溴碘与氟氯负二氧硫三氮磷化合价可以这样记忆：青海里屁碰，弹蛋养富奶，拿美驴鬼林，流露牙甲盖，抗太翻个猛，铁姑娘铜芯，夹着身洗手，客人死一遭，你不的了了，八银搁印玺。氟气与稀有气体反应：F2+Xe(过量)==XeF22F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4(XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)氟气与金属反应：nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)氟气与其他卤素元素反应：7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF(ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O==HF+HClO)3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3)②氯气Cl2+H22HCl(将H2在Cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2③氧气2O2+3FeFe3O4O2+K===KO2④硫S+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+ZnZnSS+FeFeS(既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取)S+2CuCu2S(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)3S+2AlAl2S3(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)⑤氮气N2+3H2催化剂高温高压2NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2N2+3BaBa3N2N2+6Na2Na3NN2+6K2K3NN2+6Rb2Rb3NN2+2Al2AlN⑥磷P4+6H24PH3P+3NaNa3P2P+3ZnZn3P2H2+2Li2LiH2、还原性①硫S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2OS+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+-24SO3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O3S+4H++43NO3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O②氮N2+O22NO③磷4P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X22PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O④碳C+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl4C+O2(足量)CO22C+O2(少量)2COC+CO22COC+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)⑤硅Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑(Si+2OH+H2O=23SiO+2H2↑)3、歧化反应Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化：(Cl2+H2OH++Cl–+HClO）Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH–5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaOCaC2+CO↑3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑二．金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性①钠2Na+H22NaH4Na+O2==2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Na+S==Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑4Na+TiCl44NaCl+TiMg+Cl2MgCl2Mg+Br2MgBr2②镁2Mg+O22MgOMg+SMgSMg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO22MgO+C2Mg+SiO22MgO+SiMg+H2S==MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)③铝2Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（铝汞齐）4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr(铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2OAl+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑④铁2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O22FeO(炼钢过程)Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓2Cu+SCu2S(Cu2S只能由单质制备)三．非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+MnO2Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O16H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na++24SO+OH2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2催化剂△4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑(生氢剂)NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑2、酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl(弱酸制强酸的典型反应)H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2