海上风机的载荷

海上风机的载荷Offshorewindturbineloading•载荷的来源和载荷工况Sourcesofloading&loadcases:－设计标准及外部条件Designstandards&externalconditions•建模技术Modellingtechniques:－疲劳载荷Fatigueloading•载荷工况分组和尾流效应Lumpingofloadcases&wakeeffects－极限载荷Extremeloading•合适的波浪模型Appropriatewavemodels－风和波浪载荷的综合模型Integratedmodellingofwind&waveloads目录Contents载荷来源和载荷工况Sourcesofloading&loadcases载荷来源Sourcesofloading•惯性和重力载荷Inertial&gravitationalloads•空气动力载荷Aerodynamicloads•运行载荷Operationalloads•流体动力载荷Hydrodynamicloads•海冰载荷Seaiceloads•船舶冲击载荷Boatimpactloads海上和岸上载荷环境不同？Howdoestheoffshoreloadingenvironmentdifferfromonshore?•风特性不同Windpropertiesaredifferent:−更高的年平均风速HigherAMWS−更低的湍流Lowerturbulence−更低的风剪切Lowershear−低层喷流影响？Low-leveljets?•额外的载荷来源：Additionalsourcesofloading:−波浪和海流Waves¤ts−冰载Ice−船舶冲击载荷Boatimpact海上风机载荷和其他海上建筑有何不同？Howdoesoffshoreturbineloadingdifferfromotheroffshorestructures?•更大的风载贡献Greaterloadingcontributionfromwind•更多的动态响应Moredynamicresponse•更高的非直线响应Greaternon-linearityofresponse•深度浅Shallowerdepths•疲劳载荷支配设计Designdrivenbyfatigue•无人管理，无污染的危害，→可接受较低的安全系数Un-manned,nopollutionhazards→lowersafetyfactorsacceptable?•不是一次性的Not‘oneoffs’!设计情况和载荷工况Designsituations&loadcases•出于设计目的，一个海上风机的寿命可由一组涵盖风机可能经历的所有重要的设计情况来描述的Fordesignpurposes,thelifeofanoffshorewindturbinecanberepresentedbyasetofdesignsituationscoveringthemostsignificantconditionswhichtheoffshorewindturbinemayexperience•特定设计情况包括：装配，安装，维修和运行方式）和适当的外部条件的组合确定了载荷工况Loadcasesaredeterminedfromthecombinationofspecificdesignsituations(assembly,erection,maintenanceandoperationalmodes)withappropriateexternalconditions正常设计情况Normaldesignsituations正常外部条件Normalexternalconditions正常设计情况Normaldesignsituations适当的外部条件Appropriateexternalconditions适当的外部条件Appropriateexternalconditions极限外部条件Extremeexternalconditions故障设计情况Faultdesignsituations运输、安装及维护设计情况Transportation,installation&maintenancedesignsituations载荷工况的标准Loadcasesarespecifiedbystandards:•IEC/TC8861400-3版本1:海上风机安全要求IEC/TC8861400-3Edition1:Safetyrequirementsforoffshorewindturbines•GermanischerLloyd,海上风机认证标准指南2005.GermanischerLloyd,Guidelineforthecertificationofoffshorewindturbines,2005.•DNV-OS-J101,海上风机结构设计,2004.DNV-OS-J101,Designofoffshorewindturbinestructures,2004.•ISO19900-19909,正在发展中–海上风机结构ISO19900-19909,OffshoreStructures-underdevelopment建模条件Modellingrequirements随机的非线性风载荷Stochastic,non-linearwindloading非线性控制作用Non-linearcontrolactions结构动态响应Flexible,dynamicstructure随机的非线性的波浪载荷Stochastic,non-linearwaveloading综合的时域模型Integratedtime-domainmodel风机设计的软件Softwareforwindturbinedesign•商业和研究用软件：Commercial&Researchcodes:−GH-Bladed,Flex5,HAWC,FAST•GHBladed成立于1984年GHBladeddevelopedsince1984•直观的用户界面Intuitiveuser-interface•提供综合模型Providesintegratedmodelling:−空气动力载荷Aerodynamicloads−流体动力载荷Hydrodynamicloads−控制系统作用Controlsystemactions−动力响应Dynamicresponse−多重支撑结构Multiple-membersupportstructuresGHBladed软件Bladed:（示意性的）(schematic)时域风场Timedomainwindfield随机的或者规则的波浪Randomorregularwaves传动链及控制系统Powertrain&controlsystem结构特性Structuralproperties波浪时间序列Waveloadhistories风载时间序列Windloadhistories流体动力学模型Hydrodynamics空气动力学模型Aerodynamics结构动力学模型Structuraldynamics响应时间序列Responsehistories时间序列分析Timeseriesanalysis疲劳载荷Fatigueloads极限载荷Extremeloads12345678•与Blyth海上风机疲劳载荷进行比较ComparisonwithBlythoffshoreturbinefatigueloads100%102%104%106%108%110%112%98%泥水线Mudline支撑高度1Piledepth1支撑高度2Piledepth2平均水面高度MSL塔筒底Towerbase塔筒顶Towertop挥舞Flap摆振Edge04812161.E+001.E+021.E+041.E+061.E+081.E+10MeasuredBladed累计循环数Cumulativecycles泥水线周期范围（MNm）Mudlinemomentcyclerange(MNm)（442仿真/测量）(442simulations/campaigns)BladedValidation软件验证BladedValidation软件验证•WEGMS-1,UK,1991•HowdenHWP300andHWP330,USA,1993•ECN25mHAT,Netherlands,1993•Newinco500kW,Netherlands,1993•Nordex26m,Denmark,1993•NibeA,Denmark,1993•HolecWPS30,Netherlands,1993•RivaCalzoniM30,Italy,1993•Nordtank300kW,Denmark,1993•WindMaster750kW,Netherlands,1994•Tjaerbourg2MW,Denmark,1994•ZondZ-40,USA,1994•Nordtank500kW,UK,1995•VestasV27,Greece,1995•Danwin200kW,Sweden,1995•Carter300kW,UK,1995•NedWind50,Netherlands,1996•ZondZ40M,USA,1997•DESA300kW,Spain,1998•WESTMEDIT,Italy,1998•Nordex1.3MW,Germany1999•WTC350kW,USA,2000•WEGMS4400kW,UK,2000•EHN1.3MW,Spain,2001•Lagerwey750kW,Netherlands,2001•Vergnet200,France,2001•Vestas2MW,UK,2002波浪模型：疲劳载荷Wavemodelling:FatigueLoading00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8200.10.20.30.40.50.6Frequency(Hz)SpectralDensityγ=1.0γ=1.5γ=2.0Tp1Hs≈4×std.devJONSWAP/PiersonMoskowitzspectraWaveSpectra频谱谱密度依据Airy理论计算水颗粒运动WaterparticlekinematicscalculatedusingAirytheory依据Morison’s公式进行结构载荷计算StructuralloadscalculatedusingMorison’sequation00频率(Hz)Frequency谱密度SpectralDensity-20时间Time水面高度Surfaceelevationetc-50时间Time载荷Loading15m近表面海流Near-SurfaceCurrent水下海流Sub-SurfaceCurrent近岸海流Near-ShoreCurrent海流类型选择CurrentProfileOptions在Bladed内的设置AsimplementedinBladed…波浪模型：极限载荷Wavemodelling:extremeloading波浪理论的选择Choiceofwavetheory-6-4-202468051015202530Time(s)Surfaceelevation(m)线性模型：Airy理论Linearmodel:Airywavetheory非线性模型：流线方程12阶Non-linearmodel:streamfunctionorder12达到77％的破碎波高度Waveis77%ofbreakingheight水面高度极限波浪模型：规则波浪Extremewavemodelling:regularwavesTimeSurfaceelevation极限波浪模拟：规则波浪Extremewavemodelling:regularwaves•不规则的线性背景海状Irr