英国历史英文版

英国简史EarlySettlers（5000BC-55BC）1.ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians.（人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利亚人。）2.TheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC.（约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。）RomanBritain罗马统治下的英国（公元前55年—410年)1、In55BCand54BC,JuliusCaesar,aRomangeneral,invadedBritaintwice.InAD43,theEmperorClaudiusinvadedBritainsuccessfully.Fornearly400years,BritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,thoughitwasneveratotaloccupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，罗马将军朱略斯•凯撒两次入侵英国，均未成功。直到公元43年，克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里，英国人处于罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。2、TheRomanshasbroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.3、RomanshasnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritain.RomanBritain罗马统治下的英国（公元前55年—410年)TheAnglo-Saxons盎格鲁—撒克逊人（公元446—871年）1.BasisofModernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons..盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）2.TheearlyAnglo-SaxonsconvertedtoChristianity.最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。3.TheEarlyAnglo-SaxonsmakethecontributionstotheEnglishstate.早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。TheNormanConquest诺曼征服（公元1066年)TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.In1066,WilliamtheConquerorlandedinEnglandandbuildtheNormanEmpire,thusthefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉渡海征服英格兰，建立诺曼底王朝。TheGreatCharter1215年大宪章TheBeginningofParliament议会的雏形TheGreatCouncilisknowntobetheprototypeofthecurrentBritishParliament.In1265,SimondeMontfortsummonedtheGreatCouncil,togetherwithtwoknightsfromeachcountyandtwocitizensfromeachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Itsmainrolewastoofferadvice.Therewerenoelectionsorparties.AndthemostimportantpartofParliamentwastheHouseofLords.大议会是当今英国议会的原型。1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院。其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分是上议院。TheHundredYear’sWarwithFrance英法百年战争1、ThewarbetweenFranceandEnglandlastedfrom1337to1453,duringwhichtherewasthefamousBlackDeath(黑死病)2、Thecauseofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.3.BlackDeathkilledonehalfofthepopulationofEngland.ThePeasantUpspringof13811381年农民起义ArmedvillagersandtownsmenofKentandEssex,ledbyWatTylerandJackStraw,movedonLondoninJune1381.1381年6月，在瓦特泰勒和杰克斯特劳领导下，凯特郡和埃塞克斯郡的农民和市民武装起来发动起义，并向伦敦进发TheWarofRosesandtheEnglishReformation玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革1:ThenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster（兰开斯特家族）,symbolizedbytheredrose,andthatofYork（约克家族）,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.2:OnAugust22,1458,thelastbattleoftheWarofRoseswasbetweenRichardIIIandHenryTodur(都铎)3:RealreligiouschangecameinHenryVIII’sson,Edward’stime.PeoplecallhisswitchtoProtestant(新教）theology“TheReformation”.TheEnglishRenaissance1、Renaissancewasthetransitionalperiodbetweenthemiddleagesandthemoderntimes,coveringtheyears1350to1650。2、BeganinnorthernItalyintheearly14thcentury.3、ItsawthechallengeofsupremacyoftheRomanCatholicChurchbyReformation,theriseofHumanism,thegrowthoflargenation-states,thefar-rangingvoyagesofexplorationandanewemphasisontheimportanceofindividual.TheCivilWar英国内战1、OnAugust22,1642,inafieldnearNottingham,KingCharlesbadeallhissupporterstojoinhim,thustheFirstCivilWarbegan(1642-1646).CharleswascondemnedtodeathandCromwell（克伦威尔）becamethemostpowerfulmaninEngland.2、ItisalsocalledthePuritanRevolution(清教徒革命),becausetheking’sopponentsweremainlyPuritans.TheRestoration王朝复辟WhenCromwelldiedin1658andwassucceededbyhissonRichard,theregimebegantocollapse.Theparliamentaskingthelateking‘ssonasKingCharlesIItoreturnfromFrancein1660.TheGloriousRevolution(光荣革命)1、In1688,WilliamofOrange（奥兰治皇室）landedatTorbayandmarcheduponLondon.Thistakeoverwassmooth,withneitherbloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking,whichbecameknownasTheGloriousRevolution.2、WilliamandMaryacceptedtheBillofRights(1689).Theageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.WhigsandTories辉格党和托利党1、Whigs—LiberalParty自由党2、Tories—ConservativeParty保守党EnclosureMovement圈地运动(Duringthelate18thcenturyandearly19thcentury)TheIndustrialRevolution工业革命(1780-1830)Britainwasthecountrytoindustrializeinthelate18thandearly19thcentury.AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”.TheChartistMovement宪章运动(1836-1848)1、People’sCharter(《人民宪章》)in1838.2、Itwasthefirstnationwideworkingclassmovement.TradeUnionsandtheLaborParty工会和工党1、In1833,theGrandNationalConsolidatedTradeUnionwasestablished.2、In1868,theTradeUnionCongresswerestarted3、In1900,theLaborRepresentationCommitteewasformedandchangeditsnametotheLaborPartyin1906.ColonialExpansion殖民扩张1、BeganwiththecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.2、By1900,Britainhadbuiltupabigempire,“onwhichthesunneverset”PostwarBritain战后的英国1、TheSecondWorldWarhastenedtheendofBritain’sempire.2、PrincessElizabethwascrownedQueenElizabethIIin1952.3、Theelectionof1979madeMargaretThatcher(撒切尔)topowerandshebecamethefirstfemalePrimeMinister.