培根英文介绍

FrancisBacon(1561-1626)OutlineofthelectureHisworksBacon’stheoryOutlineofthelectureSectionI:IntroductionaboutBacon’slifeSectionII:introductionaboutBacon’sworksSectionIII:introductionaboutBacon’stheoryandinfluencefrom3aspectspart1:philosophypart2:Aestheticspart3:literatureSectionIV:playavideoSectionIIntroductionabouthislifeBriefIntroductionFrancisBacon(1561-1626)wasaBritishphilosopherandscientist,hewasknownastheBritishmaterialismandtheentiremodernexperimentalsciencetherealancestor.Authorofacademicprogress(1605)andnewtools(1620).BaconsharplycriticizedthemedievalScholasticismthatScholasticismandtheologyseriouslyimpedescientificprogress,advocateacomprehensivetransformationofhumanknowledge,thewholeacademicculturefromScholasticismliberationandrealizingthegreatrejuvenation.Hebelievesthatscienceshouldpursuethethingsofnatureandthereasonsforthelaw.Toachievethisgoal,wemustbebasedonsensoryexperiences.Heisthefatherofexperimentalphilosophy,whosefatherhadbeenLordKeeper,andhimselfwasagreatmanyyearsLordChancellorunderKingJamesI.Nevertheless,amidsttheintriguesofaCourt,andtheaffairsofhisexaltedemployment(BecauseofbriberyandextortionhewassentencedbytheHouseofLordstopayafineofaboutfourhundredthousandFrenchlivres(里弗，法国古代的货币单位）tolosehispeerageandhisdignityofChancellor.),whichalonewereenoughtoengrosshiswholetime,heyetfoundsomuchleisureforstudyastomakehimselfagreatphilosopher,agoodhistorian,andanelegantwriter;andastillmoresurprisingcircumstanceisthathelivedinanageinwhichtheartofwritingjustlyandelegantlywaslittleknown,muchlesstruephilosophy.LordBacon,asisthefateofman,wasmoreesteemedafterhisdeaththanhislifetime.HisenemieswereintheBritishCourt,andhisadmirerswereforeigners.ArepresentativeoftheRenaissanceinEngland.Helaysthefoundationformodernscience.LawyerPhilosopherscientistessayistStatesmanChineseversion培根被认为是现代科学时代的始祖。他是第一个意识到科学技木能够改造世界面貌的哲学家，热情支持实验科学研究。l561年，培棍生于伦敦。他是英国伊丽莎白女王时代一高级职员的长子。12岁入剑桥大学三一学院，但不久离开那里，没有获得大学毕业证书。16岁开始工作，随英国驻注大使去巴黎在使馆工作过一段时间。18岁时父亲去世，没留下什么钱，培根被迫去上学学习法律。21岁开始从事律师业。23岁时被选为英国下议院议员。伊丽莎白女王向议会提出增加税收计划，培根表示反对通过这个提案，女王因而讨厌培根，培根成了伊西克斯的朋友和参谋。伊西克斯是个贪婪的贵族分子，同情培根，他决定发动反对伊丽莎白女王的政变。培根劝告他应该忠于女王，但伊西克斯不听，政变以失败而告终。因为培根在伊西克斯受审及被判死刑一案中起了某种作用，致使各阶层人民对培根有些不满情绪。1603年，伊丽莎白女王去世，培根当上继任国王詹姆斯一世的顾问，虽然詹姆斯—世没有受培根劝言的约束，但却很喜欢他。因此在詹姆斯一世执政期间，培根平步青云，节节高升，1617年担任掌玺大臣，1618年就任大法官，1620年受封为子爵。不期灾难降临了。培根被指控受贿，其实受贿在当时已是司空见惯，绝非新鲜，但培根在议会里的劲敌抓住这个机会，将他赶出了官场。培根对受贿供认不讳，被判在伦敦塔坐牢，交付大批罚金，终生禁止做官。但国王释放了他，免除了他的罚金，培根只不过丧失了政治生命。培根这样评论议会决定：“我是英国50年来最公正的法官，而议会对我的判决是200年来议会所作出的最公正的判决。”培根的若干著作为他赢得了声誉。他的第一部著作《论说文集》发表于1597年。这部著作用辛辣评论风格写成，但却闪闪发光，引入入胜，在世界流传极广。即本精品文摘。培根的最伟大的哲学著作之一名叫《伟大的复兴》。该著作包括6个部分，已完成的部分有：序言、《新工具》（对一种新的逻辑方法的描述）、《自然史和实验史概论》组体现了作者某些观点及不同风格的科学和哲学沉思录．培根从1605年起开始写作，但没有完成的《科学推进论》被认为是自亚里士多德时代以来最伟大的著作。PersonaltrajectoryofBaconLordKeeper/M.P.LordoftheChancellorcen&philoBorn1215234560endSectionIIIntroductionaboutBacon’sworksBacon’sWorks1.Philosophical:AdvancementofLearning（论学术的进展）(1605)NovumOrganum（新工具论）(1620)2.Literary:Essays论说随笔文集(1625)TheNewAtlantics新亚特兰蒂斯3.Professional:MaximoftheLaw格言集ReadingontheStatuteofUses阅读在法令的应用TheAdvancementofLearningagreattractoneducationInthisBook,Baconhighlypraisesknowledge,refutingtheobjectionstolearning；heanswersthechargethatlearningisagainstreligion.greatsignificance：inBacon’stime,forheseparatestheologyfromscientificobservationsandexperiments,thusmakingagreatstepforwardinscience.NovumOrganum(1620)Outstandingtreatise（论述）writteninLatinonmethodologyTheargumentisfortheuseofinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudy.Baconadvancedthenecessityofaccurateobservation&experimentationFourtypesoffalsenotionsshowsthenewempirical（经验主义的）attitudestowardtruthaboutnature.SectionIIITheory&Influence“therealfatherofEnglishmaterialismandexperimentalsciencesofmoderntimesingeneral”--------MarxPart1:philosophy2continueBacon’spholosophyemphasizedthebeliefthatpeoplearetheservantsandinterpretersofnature,thattruthisnotderivedfromauthority,andthatknowledgeisthefruitofexperience.Hepresentusanewworldviewofmaterialism,whichbreakawayfromprejudiceandobscurationofscholasticismandtheologic（神学上的）basis.Epistemology:认识论Empiricism经验主义1.adoctrine教义thatallknowledgeisbasedonexperience2.Sense&experienceJohnLocke:“EssayconcerningHumanUnderstanding(1690),istheproductofbeliefinexperienceastheexclusivebasisofknowledgeThefirstpersontogiveEmpiricismthesystematicexpressionDavidHume,(1711-1776),Scottishphilosopher,inagreementwithBaconthatknowledgemustbegainedempiricallythroughobservation,experienceandexperimentation,pointedoutthisweaknessofinduction（感应，归纳法）Scientificmethodology（科学方法论）:Inductivemethod（归纳法）/reasoning（推理）inscientificstudy.i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneralObservationandexperimentationAnalyticalmethod分析法methodology1.Inbeauty,thatoffavorismorethanofcolor;andthatofdecentandgraciousmotionmorethanthatoffavor.2.Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;andforthemostpartitmakesadissoluteyouth,andanagealittleoutofcountenance;butyetcertainlyagain,ifitlightswell,itmakesvirtueshine,andvicesblush.ofbeauty----BaconDifferentfromPytha