Francis-Bacon-Of-Studies

FrancisBacon(1561-1626)FrancisBacon(1561-1626)•FrancisBaconwasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,Lawyer,jurist,essayist,authorandmasterofEnglish.•法理学家1.HeenteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge,on5April1573attheageof12,livingforthreeyearsthere.2.ItwasatCambridgethathefirstmetQueenElizabeth,whowasimpressedbyhisprecociousintellect,andwasaccustomedtocallinghimTheyounglordkeeper.(年轻的掌玺大臣)Details:LifeandPoliticalCareerTrinityCollege,Cambridge.（剑桥大学三一学院：是剑桥大学中规模最大、财力最雄厚、名声最响亮的学院之一是由英国国王亨利八世于1546年所建，其前身是1324年建立的迈克尔学院以及1317年建立的国王学堂。从三一学院毕业的著名毕业生的玉石雕像，包括了牛顿、培根、丁尼生等人。）1604–AppointedKing’sCounsel.(31)法律顾问1607–NamedSolicitorGeneral.(34)副检察长1608–AppointedClerkoftheChamber.(35)1613–AppointedAttorneyGeneral.总检察长(52)1616–MadeamemberofthePrivyCouncil.枢密院司法委员会成员(55)1617–AppointedLordKeeperoftheRoyalSeal(hisfather’sformeroffice).掌玺大臣1618–MadeLordChancellor.英国大法官In1621hewasarrestedandchargedwithbribery.Althoughthefinewaslaterwaived(cancelled)andBaconspentonlyfourdaysintheTower,hewasneverallowedtositinParliamentorholdpoliticalofficeagain.Baconspenthisremainingyearsworkingwithreneweddeterminationonhislifelongproject:thereformoflearningandtheestablishmentofanintellectualcommunitydedicatedtothediscoveryofscientificknowledgeforthe“useandbenefitofmen.”4.Bacon’sworksestablishedandpopularizedinductivemethodologiesforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianmethod(培根法),orthescientificmethod--propermethodologystillusedtoday.(ofreasoning;proceedingfromparticularfactstoageneralconclusion归纳法)StatueofFrancisBaconintheLibraryofCongress,Washington,DC.intheU.S.A.MemorialtoFrancisBacon,inthechapelofTrinityCollege,CambridgeMottosbyBacon1.Knowledgeispower.2.Tochoosetimeistosavetime.3.Virtueislikearichstone,bestplainset.(美德好比宝石,在朴素背景的衬托下反而更华丽。)OfTruth(1625)OfDeath(1612,enlarged1625)OfUnityinReligion/OfReligion(1612,rewritten1625)OfRevenge(1625)OfAdversity(1625)OfSimulationandDissimulation(1625)OfParentsandChildren(1612,enlarged1625)OfMarriageandSingleLife(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfEnvy(1625)OfLove(1612,rewritten1625)OfGreatPlace(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfBoldness(1625)OfGoodnessandGoodnessofNature(1612,enlarged1625)OfNobility(1612,rewritten1625)OfSeditionsandTroubles(1625)OfAtheism(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfSuperstition(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfTravel(1625)OfEmpire(1612,muchenlarged1625)OfCounsels(1612,enlarged1625)OfDelays(1625)OfCunning(1612,rewritten1625)OfWisdomforaMan'sSelf(1612,enlarged1625)OfInnovations(1625)OfDispatch(1612)处决OfSeemingWise(1612)OfFriendship(1612,rewritten1625)OfExpense(1597,enlarged1612,again1625)OftheTrueGreatnessofKingdomsandEstates(1612,enlarged1625)OfRegimenofHealth(1597,enlarged1612,again1625)养生保健OfSuspicion(1625)OfDiscourse(1597,slightlyenlarged1612,again1625)演说OfPlantations(1625)OfRiches(1612,muchenlarged1625)OfProphecies(1625)OfAmbition(1612,enlarged1625)OfMasquesandTriumphs(1625)假面剧和胜利OfNatureinMen(1612,enlarged1625)OfCustomandEducation(1612,enlarged1625)OfFortune(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfUsury(1625)高利贷OfYouthandAge(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfBeauty(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfDeformity(1612,somewhataltered1625)畸型OfBuilding(1625)OfGardens(1625)OfNegotiating(1597,enlarged1612,veryslightlyaltered1625)OfFollowersandFriends追随者和朋友(1597,slightlyenlarged1625)OfSuitors(1597,enlarged1625)追求者OfStudies(1597,enlarged1625)OfFaction(1597,muchenlarged1625)OfCeremoniesandRespects(1597,enlarged1625)OfPraise(1612,enlarged1625)OfVainGlory(1612)虚荣OfHonorandReputation(1597,omitted1612,republished1625)OfJudicature(1612)OfAnger(1625)OfVicissitudeofThings(1625)变迁AFragmentofanEssayofFameOftheColorsofGoodandEvil善与恶的颜色Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.WhatIsEssay?•Anyshortcompositioninprosethatundertakestodiscussamatter,expressapointofview,persuadeustoacceptathesisonanysubject,orsimplytoentertain.•EssayshasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.FeaturesofBacon’sessays•conciseness;•simplicity;•forcefulness;•tracesofstiffnessandover-formalityinsentenceconstruction;•numerousquotationsfromancientGreekandRomanwriters.MajorLiteraryWorksFeaturesofHisEssaysHisPositioninEnglishLiterature3groups:1)philosophicalworks2)literaryworks3)professionalworksTheAdvancementofLearning(1605)《论学术的进展》TheNovumOrganum(1620)（《新工具》mostimportantamonghisphilosophicalworks）Hisliteraryworksarehisessays.Notedfortheirstyleandstrikingobservationsaboutlife.FirsttrueEnglishproseclassics.Essays（《随笔集》）:mostimportantofhisliteraryworks;containing58essays;finaleditionpublishedin1625TheAdvancementofLearning《论学术的进展》AgreattreatiseoneducationAccordingtoFrancisBacon,knowledgecanbedividedintotwokinds:oneisobtainedfromtheDivineRevelation,theotheristheknowledgefromtheworkingsofhumanmind.Man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts;historytoman’smemory,poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman’sreason.神的启示,活动方式NovumOrganum《新工具》AsuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology,whichisthemostimpressivedisplayofBacon’sintellect.Theuseofinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudy.Baconshowsthenewempiricalattitudestoward