Chomsky转换生成语法总结

Transformational-GenerativeGrammarInthelate1950s,ChomskygraduallyestablishedthewellknownTransformational-Generativegrammer.TGgrammerhasbeenfivestagesofdevelopment.Theclassicaltheory,thestandardtheory,theextendstandard,therevisedextended,theminimalistprogram.12.4.1TheInnatenessHypothesis天赋假设ChomskybelievesthatchildrenarebornwithwhathecallsLANGUAGEACQUISITIONDEVICE.Chomsky'sINNATENESSHYPOTHESISisbasedonhisobservationthatsomeimportantfactscanneverbeotherwiseexplainedadequately.Allthesesuggestthatalthoughbabiesarenotbornknowingalanguage,theyarebornwithapredispositiontodevelopalanguageinmuchthesamewayastheyarebornwithapredispositiontolearntowalk.HearguesthatLADprobablyconsitisofthreeelements:ahypothesis-maker,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.12.4.2whatisaGenerativeGrammar?ByaGENERATIVEGRAMMAR,hesimplymeansasystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentence.hebelievesthateveryspeakerofalanguagehasmasteredandinternalisedagenerativegrammarthatexpresshisknowledgeofhislanguage.Thusagenerativegrammarattmptstospecifywhatthespeakeractuallyknows,notwhayhemayreportabouthisknowledge.Heputsforwardthreedifferentlevelstoevaluategrammerson.TheyaretheOBSERVATIONALADEQUACYlevel,theDESCRIPTIVEADEQUACYlevel,theEXPLANORYADEQUACYlevel.Onthefirstlevel,grammersareabletoproducecorrectexplanationforrawlinguisticdata.Onthesecondlevel,itshouldnotproducecorrectexplanationforrawlinguisticdata,butalsoproducecorrcetexplanationsforthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandhearer.Onthethird,grammersthataresufficientlydescribedshouldreveallinguisticcompetenceandthenrelateitwithuniversalgrammersinordertoberelatedtotheinitialstateofthehumanmindforthepurposeofrevealinghumancognitivesystems.HeinsistsontheHYPOTHESIS-DEDUCTIONmethodandhisresearchiscalledevaluationprocess.Eg:JohnsawmaryintoMarywasseenbyJohnNP1+AUX+V+NP2--------NP2+aux+be+en+V+NP1Thus,TGmethodcannotonlydescribethesurfacestructureofasentence,butalsointerpresttheinternalgrammaticalrelationshipswithinasentence.12.4.3TheclassicaltheoryThistheoryischaracterizedbythreefeatures:1.emphasisongenerativeabilityoflanguage2.introductionoftransnationalrules3.grammermaticaldescriptionregardlessonmeaning.Heputsforwardthreekindsofgrammer:fintestategrammer,phrasestructuregrammar,andtransformationgrammar.Afinitestategrammeristhesimplesttypeofgrammarwhich,withafiniteamountofapparatus,cangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentence.buttheyareallverysimpleintheirstructure.Enhlishisnotafinitestagelanguage.ThepointofChomsky'sdevisingsuchagrammaristoshowtheimpracticalityoforganisinglanguagefromlefttorightorder,andsuchaprocessisnotfeasibleinstudyingnaturallanguages.hebelievesthatitisnecessarytoworkoutagrammerthat,withafinitesetofrules,cangenerateallthegrammermaticalsentencesinalanguagewithoutgeneratingasinglenon-grammermaticalsentence.Therulesmustmeetthefollowingrequirements:(1).Generative:therulesmustautomaticallygeneratesentences(2).Simple:therulesmustberepresentedbysymbolsandformulate(3).Explict:everythingmustbeststedprecisely,leavingnothingtochance(4)Exhaustive:therulesshouldoveralllinguisticfacts,leavingnothinguncovered(5)Recursive:therulescanberepeatedlyappliedsoastogenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences.ThisiswhatiscalledthePHARSESTRUCTUREGRAMMAR,thisgrammerhasgreatergenerativepowersthanafinitestategrammerbecauseitcanprocesssentencesthatcannotbeprocessedbythelatter.Thegenerativeprocessofasentenceistheprocessofrewritingonesymbolintoanother.eg:NP(DET(the)N(man))VP(V((hit)NP(DET(the)N(ball)))).Chomskyhasdistinguishedtransformationalrulesintotwokinds:obligatoryandoptional.Thetransformationofauxiliariesandpassivevoice,etc.areoptional.12.4.4TheStandardTheoryChomskyfoundthefirstproblemisthatthetransformationalrulesaretoopowerful.Asordinarysentencecanbetransformedatwill,negated,passivised,withcertainelementsaddedordeleted,withoutrestrictions.Thesecondproblemisthathisrulesmaygenerateill-formedsentencesaswellaswell-foundones.Thethirdproblemisthatthetransformationalrulesforthepassivevoicecannotbeusedatwill,becausesomeoftheEnglishverbsdon'thavestructures.Henotedthatapplicationofthetransformationalrulesshouldnotchangethemeaningoftheoriginalsentence,andthatthenounmustberestrictedbytheverb.Thegenerativegrammarshouldconsistofthreecomponents:syntactic,phonologicalandsemantic.Thesyntacticcomponentcanbecalledthebasecomponent,whichconsistsofrewritingrulesandthelexicon.Itistherewritingrulesthatgeneratethedeepstructureofthesentence,andthetransformationalrules,inturn,transformthedeepstructureintolerancesurfacestructure.Firstly,transformationscanonlychangetheformsofsentencesarenotallowedtoalterthemeaning.Secondly,thereisnowaselectionaltoensurethattheanimatenounappearsbeforetheverbandtheinanimatenounappearsaftertheverb.Thirdly,restrictionsareputontransformationsinordernottogenerateill-formedsentences.Forthly,thesentencescanbeembedded.Fifthly,therulesareproperlyorderedandthereisasetorderinwhichtherulesapply.12.4.5TheExtendedStandardTheoryChomskyrevisedhisstandardtheorytwice.Thefirstrevisioniscalled