高一必修三-Unit-4-语法

Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsLearningaboutlanguage必修三4.Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.Whatdoestheunderlinedpartserveasineachsentence?3.Smokingisbadforyou.2.Youareastudent.5.“Howdoyoudo?”isagreeting.6.Itiscertainthatweshallbelate.subject1.Beijingisourcapital.1.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsago…2.…itwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.Readthesentencesfromthetextandpayattentiontotheunderlinedparts.3.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.4.Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresence…5.Whytheysuddenlydisappearedstillremainsamystery.NounclausesasthesubjectGrammar主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，其功同名词一样。为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语,而把真正主语放在句子末尾。Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.Thatheisthebeststudentintheclassisobvious.=Itisobviousthatheisthebeststudentintheclass.引导主语从句的关联词有三类：1)从属连词that。如:Thattheyweretruesisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem.很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。2)从属连词whether。如：Whetherhe’llcomehereisn’tclear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,连接副词where,when,how,why。Whatshedidisnotyetknown.她干了什么尚不清楚。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。Whoevercomesiswelcome.不论谁来都欢迎。主语从句三要素hebecameagreatscientistisknowntousall.Iswhatyoutoldmereallytrue?谓语动词一般用单数从句用陈述语序不能省略关联词Notice:Whatweneedmostarebooks.How在主语从句中,谓语一般用单数。无论他说什么都不重要。Whateverhesaysisofnoimportance无论谁说这话都不对。Whoeversaysthatiswrong．但谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定。WhatIneedismoney.WhatIneedarebooks.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that则不然。1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.WhateverandwhoeverWhatever=anythingthatWhoever=anyonewho不管是谁犯了法,他都应该受到惩罚。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.=Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.whether与if①whether之后可以直接跟ornot,而if则不能。Idon’tcarewhetherornotyourcarbreaksdown.Idon’tknowwhetherornothe’scoming.但是不可以说：Idon’tcareifornotyourcarbreaksdown.②whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外);而if则可以跟否定结构,如:Idon’tcareifshedoesn’tcome.Idon’tcareifitdoesn’train.但是,在某些动词或形容词之后,则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子,这种结构往往表示肯定的含义,如：Iwonderwhetherhedoesn’tthinktoomuchofhimself.=Ithinkhedoesthinktoomuchofhimself.③在个别动词之后,如discuss等,只跟用whether引导的宾语从句,如:Theydiscussedwhethertheyshouldclosetheshop.WediscussedwhetherMarycouldjoinus.④whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能,如：I’mnotinterestedinwhetherthey’llgoornot.⑤whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if则不能,如:Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.Shehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot.引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether,不用if,如：Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.引导表语从句用whether,不用if,如:Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit.Thequestioniswhetherhewillspeakatthemeeting.引导同位语从句用whether,不用if,如:Thequestionwhetherhe’llattendthemeetingisessential.IamindoubtwhetherIshouldagreetotheplan.不可省略的连词：1.引导主语,同位语,表语从句的连词不可省略。2.it作形式宾语的宾语从句3.并列宾语从句中,后面的从句引导词。Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.Thereasonisthatheistoocareless.Ithinkitnecessarythatyoushouldreadaloud.Hetold(that)hisfatherhaddiedandthathehadtomakealivingbyhimself.用it作形式主语的结构(1)(1)Itis＋名词＋从句Itisafactthat…事实是…Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识(2)Itis＋形容词＋从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…用it作形式主语的结构(2)(3)Itis＋不及物动词＋从句Itseemsthat…似乎……Ithappenedthat…碰巧……Itappearsthat…似乎……(4)It＋过去分词＋从句Itisreportedthat…据报道……Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实……Itissaidthat…据说……1.连接词有：thatwhether和lf2.连接代词有：whowhomwhosewhichwhat等3.连接副词有：whenwherewhyhow等另外whateverwhoeverwhichever等也可以引导主语和宾语两种从句。名词性从句可以表示：事实和问题。名词性从句中的“that”没有词义，也不作任何成分。【即学即练】1.____hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhetherD.Where2.___Ihavewillbeyourssoonerorlater.A.NomatterwhatB.NomatterwhateverC.WhateverD.ThatBC3.____wewillholdthesportsmeetintimedependson_____itwillbefine.A.If;ifB.If;whetherC.Whether;ifD.Whether;whether4._____worriesusalotthatsomanystudentsdropoutofschoolinthepoormountainousareas.A.ItB.ThatC.OneD.WhatDA5.____wantstorunabusinessinthisdistrictmustgetapermitfromthegovernmentfirst.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.NomatterwhoD.ThosewhoBDiscoveringusefulstructureAnswerkeyforexercise2onpage291.Hisdiscoveryhasnotyetbeenproved.What__________________________________.2.Dotheotherastronomersaccepthisideas?Itremainsaquestion.Whether_________________________________________________.hasnotyetbeenprovedishisdiscoveryotherastronomersacceptshisideasremainsaquestion3.Thefirstappearanceoflifeonearthisstillamysterytoscientists.How__________________________________________________________________.lifefirstappearedonearthisstillamysterytoscientists4.Whyistheearthbecomingwarmer?Itisanimportanttopicforresearch.Why__________________________________________________________________________.5.StephenHawkingat65experiencedzerogravityduringaflight.Itamazedeverybody.Itamazedeverybody__________________________________________________________.6.Plutoisnolongerconsideredaplanetinoursolarsystem.Whatasurprise!Itisasurprise________________________________________________________________________.at65experiencedzerogravityduringaflight.thatPlutoisnolongerconsideredapla