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第一章材料介绍DefinitionofMaterials(材料的定义)Materialsaredefinedassolidsusedbymantoproduceitemswhichconstitutethesupportforhislivingenvironment.材料是指人类用以制造生活和生产所需要的物品,器件,机器和其他产品的物质ClassesofMaterials(材料的分类)Thereismanywaystosortmaterials,andthemainmethodisclassedbyitsphysicandchemicalfunction.Inthisway,materialscanbeclassedasInorganicnonmetalmaterials,metalmaterials,polymersmaterialsandcompositematerials.Theothermethodsaredisplayedasbelow:1.Classbysource:NatureMaterialandman-madeMaterial2.Classbyphysicandchemicalfunction:Inorganicnonmetalmaterials,metalmaterials,polymersmaterialsandcompositematerials3.Classbyusingfunction:Structureandfunctionmaterials4.Classbypurpose:Electric,biologic,medicalmaterials5.OtherClass:newandoldmaterialMeaningofmaterialscience(材料科学的内涵)Materialsscienceismadeupoffourparts:Performances,Synthesismethod,Properties,CompositionandStructure.Forthemostimportance,thePerformancesofmaterialsarepaidmoreattentionbecausetheyaredeterminedtheapplicationofmaterials.Ifonekindofmaterialsatisfiedourneed,wehavetoaskwhythematerialcould,howtosynthesisthematerialandhowtoimprovethepropertiesofthematerials.ThethreequestionsmayarisetheinterestingtostudytheSynthesismethod,PropertiesandCompositionandStructureofmaterials.TherelationshipbetweenthefourpartsofMaterialsciencecanbeexplainedasfollowingpyramid:WhichisincludinginMaterialProperties?PhysicalProperties(材料性质)1.1mechanics1.2electricity,magnetism1.3acoustics1.4optics1.5calorifics2.ChemicalProperties2.1Reactionactivity2.2CorrosionComposition(材料的组成)1.Elements2.Compound3.Phase4.Complex第二章金属材料DefinesofMetallicMaterials(金属材料的定义).ThematerialswhichareformedbymetalbondarecalledMetallicMaterials.PropertiesofMetals(金属材料性能)1.MechanicsPropertiesa.Strengthb.Shapec.Foundryd.Jointing2.Functiona.Conductorb.Diathermancyc.Magnetismd.otherFuctionHowtosortmetallicMaterials?(金属材料分类)ItisdifficulttosortmetallicMaterials,andwehavetousesimpledichotomytoclassmetallicMaterialsasFerrousmetalsandnonferrousmetals.ThenonferrousmetalsmeanthatthemaincompositeofmaterialsisnotFe,anditincludeCu,Zn,Ti,Al,Mganditsalloyetal.Theferrousmetalsmaybesortedasfollowing:Iron:includingbelow1)Wroughtiron(熟铁)2)Castiron(铸铁)3)Pigiron(生铁)4)Electrolyticiron(电解铁)5)IronalloyIronalloyWhitecastironGraycastironAlloycastironDuctilecastironMalleablecastironSteelIngotiron(低碳钢)2)Plaincarbonsteel(普通碳素钢)3)Alloysteel(合金钢)StructureofMetal(金属材料结构)Thestructureofmetallicmaterialsareincludethreetypes:HexagonalClosepackedStructure,FaceCenteredCubic,andBodyCenteredCubic.TheformertwoaretheClosepackedStructureandthelastoneisnot.Themetalliccrystalcanbepackedlayerbylayerofatoms,ThefirstandsecondlayerofClosepackedStructuremaybelabeledasAandB,showedinfollowingFigureClosepackedStructureHexagonalClosepackedStructureFaceCenteredCubicBodyCenteredCubicHowtodescribethestructure?HowtosortMaterials?(材料分类)Thereismanywaystosortmaterials,andthemainmethodisclassedbyitsphysicandchemicalfunction.Inthisway,materialscanbeclassedasInorganicnonmetalmaterials,metalmaterials,polymersmaterialsandcompositematerials.Theothermethodsaredisplayedasbelow:1.Classbysource:NatureMaterialandman-madeMaterial2.Classbyusingfunction:Structureandfunctionmaterials3.Classbypurpose:Electric,biologic,medicalmaterials第三章无机非金属材料WhatisInorganicnonmetalmaterials?(无机非金属材料定义)1.Inorganicnonmetalmaterialsarealsocalled“ceramics”.Ceramicscanbedefinedasinorganic,nonmetallicmaterials,andceramiccontainstwoaspects:porcelainandpottery.PotteryinGreektermmeans“burnedearth”,itformsthemainpartofceramic.Porcelainisusedtodecorate“ceramic”,anditis“Glass”infact.2.InorganicnonmetalmaterialsaremadeupofInorganiccompoundswhichincludeonlynonmetalelements(notincludeC-H-Ochain)ormetalandnonmetalelements.OldInorganicnonmetalmaterialsinmostextendmeanssilicateindustry,andnewInorganicnonmetalmaterialsmeansceramics.Silicateindustryincludecement,glassandrefractory.Ceramicsincludenewfunctionalandstructuralmaterials.Inorganicnonmetalmaterialsalsoincludegemmaterials.1.Glass2.CementandConcrete3.Ceramic4.Refractory5.Gem6.GraphiteDefinitionsofceramics(陶瓷定义)Allinorganicnonmetallicmaterialsarecalledceramics,whichcontainstwoaspects:porcelainandpottery.Propertiesofceramic(陶瓷组成)HardnessBrittlenessCorrosionresistanceElectricalconductivityThermalConductivityCeramicProcessing(陶瓷生产工艺)PowderspreparingChemicalprocessMeltProcessSingle–crystalceramicVaporprocessingDirectedMetaloxygenProcessFormationuniaxialpressinghotpressingHydroplasticFormingSlipCastingDryingandfiringGlazingPolishingWhatiscement?(水泥定义)ThematerialswhichcanbindotherparticleorfibremattersbyphysicalorchemicaleffecttohardmassarecalledcementWhatisRefractory(耐火材料定义)Refractoriesareenablingmaterialsinthattheirprimaryfunctionsistofacilitatetheproductionofothermaterials;Theyhaveenabledtheutilizationofheattomakematerials.HowtodescribeGlass(玻璃定义)1.Glassisaninorganicproductofameltwhichsolidifieswithoutcrystallizing.2.Glassisanundercooledliquidwithaveryhighviscosity3.Glassisanintermediatesubstancebetweentheliquidandcrystallinestates.Itconsistsofacrystal-likenetworkcombinedwitheachotherr
本文标题:42材料导论备考小结
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