弗朗西斯.-培根(Francis-Bacon)

B.FrancisBacona.培根的生平：FrancisBacon(1561–1626)hadafortunateheritageandbackground.HestudiedatCambridgeandGray’sInn,enteredParliament,andgraduallyestablishedhisreputation.Attheheightofhiscareer,underKingJames,hebecameLordKeeperandthenLordChancellorofEngland.B.FrancisBacona.培根的生平：Hewaslateraccusedoftakingbribesinoffice.Afteratokenimprisonment,BaconretiredindisgracetohisestateofGornhambrytospendthelastfiveyearsofhislife.B.FrancisBaconb.培根的主要作品及其内容：Bacon’sworkscanbedividedintothreegroups.B.FrancisBaconb.培根的主要作品及其内容：Hisfirstgroup:hisphilosophicalworksTheAdvancementofLearning(1605)NovumOrganum(1620).Hissecondgroup:hisliteraryworksEssays,themostfamousofthemHisthirdgroup:MaximsofLawThelearnedReadingupontheStatuteofUses(1642)B.FrancisBaconb.培根的主要作品及其内容：TheAdvancementofLearningisagreattractoneducation.InBookI,Baconhighlypraisesknowledge,refutingtheobjectionsoflearningandoutliningtheproblemswithwhichhisplanistodeal.Thesecondbookisasurveyoflearning,whichexplainsitsimportanceinscholarship.AccordingBacon,man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:historytoman’smemory,poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman’sreason.B.FrancisBaconb.培根的主要作品及其内容：NovumOrganumisasuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology.ItisthemostimpressivedisplayofBacon’sintellect.B.FrancisBaconc.培根《论说文》的特点：brevity,compactnessandpowerfulnessYetthereisanobviousstylisticchangeintheEssays.B.FrancisBacond.对培根的评价：arepresentativeoftheRenaissanceinEnglandawell-knownphilosopher,scientistandessayistlaysthefoundationformodernsciencewithhisinsistenceonscientificwayofthinkingandfreshobservationB.FrancisBacond.对培根的评价：HisEssays:thefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliteratureanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.SomeofhisphraseshaveevenenteredtheEnglishliterarytradition.《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论Sometherearewho,thoughtheyleadasinglelife,yettheirthoughtsdoendwiththemselves,andaccountfutureimpertinences.有的人，过着独身的日子，只考虑自己，考虑眼前，认为未来是不相干的事《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants,butnotalwaysbestsubjects,theyarelighttorunaway,andalmostallfugitivesareofthatcondition.独身者也许可以成为最好的朋友，最好的主人，最好的仆人，但很难成为最好的公民。因为他们随时可以迁逃，所以差不多一切流窜犯都是无家者。《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论Asinglelifedothwellwithchurchmen,forcharitywillhardlywaterthegroundwhereitmustfirstfillapool.作为献身宗教的，是有理由保持独身的。否则他们的慈悲就先布施于家人而不是供奉于上帝了。《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论Gravenatures,ledbycustom,andthereforeconstant,arecommonlylovinghusbands,aswassaidofUlysses,Vetulamsuampraetulitimmortalitati.一种好的风俗，能教化出情感坚贞的男子汉，例如像优里西斯（ulysses)那样，他曾抵制美丽女神的诱惑，而保持了对妻子的忠贞。《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论Chastewomenareoftenproudandfroward,aspresuminguponthemeritoftheirchastity.一个独身的女人常常是骄横的。因为她需要显示，她的贞节似乎是自愿保持的。《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论Wivesareyoungmen’smistresses,companionsformiddleage,andoldmen’snurses,soasamanmayhaveaquarreltomarrywhenhewill.在人生中，妻子是青年时代的情人，中年时代的伴，暮年时代的守护。所以在人的一生中，只要有合适的对象，任何时候结婚都是有道理的。《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论Itisoftenseenthatbadhusbandshaveverygoodwives.常可见到许多不出色的丈夫却有一位美丽的妻子。《论学习》的经典之论Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。《论学习》的经典之论Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。《论学习》的经典之论…fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。《论学习》的经典之论Readnottocontradictandconfute,nortobelieveandtakeforgranted,nortofindtalkanddiscourse,buttoweighandconsider.读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。《论学习》的经典之论Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。《论学习》的经典之论Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。《论学习》的经典之论Historiesmakemenwise,poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩.《论学习》的经典之论Thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies,likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。《论学习》的经典之论Ifaman’switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;…ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;…ifhebenotabletobeatovermattersandtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyer’scase.倘若有人神智涣散，就让他学数学；…倘若有人不敏于辨别，就让他们学习经院哲学家；…倘若有人不善于处理世事，不能触类旁通，就让他学习律师的案例。