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主讲:王菲菲ppt:王瑜ThomasGray(26December1716–30July1771)wasanEnglishpoet,letter-writer,classicalscholarandprofessoratCambridgeUniversity.ThomasGraySentimentalism感伤主义SentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.1.Alongwithanewvisionoflove,sentimentalismpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason,andpersonalinstinctsofpity,tenderness,andbenevolenceoversocialduties.2.Literaryworkofthesentimentalism,markedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken,expropriatedpeasants,wrotethesimpleannalsofthepoor”.GraveyardSchoolPoet墓园诗派TheGraveyardpoetswereagroupofpre-RomanticEnglishpoetsinthe18thcentury.Theirworksmainlyfocusonthethemesofmortality,deathandbereavement.Theirpoemsdescribethephysicalmanifestationsofdeath,evokesubjectiveresponseslikefearandhorror,andcontemplatethephenomenaconnectedwithdeathlikedarkness,tombandghosts.ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardThepoemwasfirstpublishedin1751.Graymay,however,havebegunwritingthepoemin1742,shortlyafterthedeathofhisclosefriendRichardWest.Anelegyisapoemwhichlamentsthedead.Gray'sElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardisnoteworthyinthatitmournsthedeathnotofgreatorfamouspeople,butofcommonmen.Thepoeminvokestheclassicalideaofmementomori,aLatinphrasewhichstatesplainlytoallmankind,Rememberthatyoumustdie.Inthispoem,thegraveyardactsasamementomori,remindingthenarratortonotplacetoomuchvalueonthislifebecausesomedayhetoowillbedeadandburied.TheStyleElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardiswritteninheroicquatrain四行诗.Aquatrainisafour-linestanza.Heroicquatrainsrhymeinanababpatternandarewritteniniambicpentameter抑扬五音步.Forinstance,thefirstlineofGray'sElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard:TheCur/fewtolls/theknell/ofpart/ingday.Tryreadingthelinealoud:itsregular,steadyrhythmhelpstocreateacalmandquietmood—oneappropriatetothemeditativenatureofthispoem.The1ststanzaInthefirststanza,thespeakerobservesthesignsofacountrydaydrawingtoaclose:acurfewbellringing,aherdofcattlemovingacrossthepasture,andafarmlaborerreturninghome.Thespeakeristhenleftalonetocontemplatetheisolatedruralscene.Thefirstlineofthepoemsetsadistinctlysombertone:thecurfewbelldoesnotsimplyring;itknells—atermusuallyappliedtobellsrungatadeathorfuneral.TombofThomasGrayinStokePogesChurchyard晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧,牛群在草原上迂回,吼声起落,耕地人累了,回家走,脚步踉跄,把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。The2ndstanza苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退,一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰,只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞,昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。Thesecondstanzasustainsthesombertoneofthefirst:thespeakerisnotmournful,butpensive沉思的,ashedescribesthepeacefullandscapethatsurroundshim.Eventheairischaracterizedashavingasolemnstillness.The3rdstanza只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下一只阴郁的柢枭向月亮诉苦,怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家,搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。Thesoundofanowlhooting叫声intrudesupontheeveningquiet.Wearetoldthattheowlcomplains.Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,Thelowingherdwindslowlyo'erthelea,Theplowmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧,牛群在草原上迂回,吼声起落,耕地人累了,回家走,脚步踉跄,把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardNowfadestheglimmeringlandscapeonthesight,Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds,Savewherethebeetlewheelshisdroningflight,Anddrowsytinklingslullthedistantfolds;苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退,一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰,只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞,昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。Savethatfromyonderivy-mantledtow'rThemopingowldoestothemooncomplainOfsuchas,wand'ringnearhersecretbow'r,Molestherancientsolitaryreign.只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下一只阴郁的柢枭向月亮诉苦,怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家,搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。Beneaththoseruggedelms,thatyew-tree'sshade,Whereheavestheturfinmanyamould'ringheap,Eachinhisnarrowcellforeverlaid,TherudeForefathersofthehamletsleep.峥嵘的榆树底下,扁柏的荫里,草皮鼓起了许多零落的荒堆,各自在洞窟里永远放下了身体,小村里粗鄙的父老在那里安睡。Thebreezycallofincense-breathingMorn,Theswallowtwitt'ringfromthestraw-builtshed,Thecock'sshrillclarion,ortheechoinghorn,Nomoreshallrousethemfromtheirlowlybed.香气四溢的晨风轻松的呼召,燕子从茅草棚子里吐出的呢喃,公鸡的尖喇叭,使山鸣谷应的猎号再不能唤醒他们在地下的长眠。Forthemnomoretheblazinghearthshallburn,Orbusyhousewifeplyhereveningcare:Nochildrenruntolisptheirsire'sreturn,Orclimbhiskneestheenviedkisstoshare.在他们,熊熊的炉火不再会燃烧,忙碌的管家妇不再会赶她的夜活;孩子们不再会“牙牙”的报父亲来到,为一个亲吻爬倒他膝上去争夺。Oftdidtheharvesttotheirsickleyield,Theirfurrowoftthestubbornglebehasbroke:Howjocunddidtheydrivetheirteamafield!Howbow'dthewoodsbeneaththeirsturdystroke!往常是:他们一开镰就所向披靡,顽梗的泥板让他们犁出了垄沟;他们多么欢欣地赶牲口下地!他们一猛砍,树木就一棵棵低头!LetnotAmbitionmocktheirusefultoil,Theirhomelyjoys,anddestinyobscure;NorGrandeurhearwithadisdainfulsmileTheshortandsimpleannalsofthepoor.“雄心”别嘲讽他们实用的操劳,家常的欢乐,默默无闻的命运;“豪华”也不用带着轻蔑的冷笑来听讲穷人的又短有简的生平。Theboastofheraldry,thepompofpow'r,Andallthatbeauty,allthatwealthe'ergave,Awaitsaliketh'inevitablehour:Thepathsofgloryleadbuttothegrave.门第的炫耀,有权有势的煊赫,凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处,前头都等待着不可避免的时刻:光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓。thomasgray,sonofanexchangbroker,befriendedtwobestnovelists.oneofthemdied,thedeathofhisfriendcausedthomasgrayyearsofdeepgrief.hetouredtheeuropeancontinentwiththeotherfriend.theywenttothelakedistrictinsearchofthesublimeandthebeautiful.hewasbynatureaquietman.hismasterpiecethegraveyardschoolestabishedhisfameasthepoetlaureateship.buthedeclinedthesocialactivitiesandledanuneventfullifeofascholarallhislife.incontrasttothoseprofesssionalwriters.hislite
本文标题:墓地挽歌 the elegy written in a country churchyard
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