Newmark的翻译理论

PeterNewmarkTRANSLATIONPeterNewmarkUniversityofSurreyMainworks:ApproachestoTranslation《翻译研究途径》ATextbookofTranslation《翻译教科书》AboutTranslation《关于翻译》ParagraphsonTranslation《翻译研究散论》Contribution语义翻译（semantictranslation）交际翻译（communicativetranslation）关联翻译法（correlativeapproachtotranslation）隐喻翻译（metaphortranslation）SemantictranslationandCommunicativetranslationSemantictranslation（语义翻译）attemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.Communicativetranslation（交际翻译）attemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.DistinctionSemantictranslation:Itfocusesprimarilyonthesemanticcontentofthesourcetext.Communicativetranslation:Itfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseofreceptors.（语义）Manproposes,Heavendisposes.“谋事在人,成事在天”E.g.（交际）Manproposes,Goddisposes.“天”是中国古代文化中自然界的主宰，God（上帝）则是西方基督徒心中自然界的主宰语义翻译Heaven忠实地保留了原文的道教概念，交际翻译将道教概念转化为基督徒概念，适合西方读者的宗教背景和接受心理。EXAMPLEE.g.Mrs.Gradgrind,weaklysmiling,andgivingnoothersignofvitality,lookedlikeanindifferentlyexecutedtransparencyofasmallfemalefigure,withoutenoughlightbehindit.译文：葛擂梗太太软弱无力地笑了笑，别无生气，看起来她象是一个随随便便制造成功的里面不够明亮的，小小的水晶人儿。transparencyofasmallfemalefigure（语义）：小小的透明的女性形象（交际）：水晶人儿E.g.Therewasanoldwoman,andwhatdoyouthink?Sheliveduponnothingbutvictualsanddrink;Victualsanddrinkwerethewholeofherdiet.AndyetthisoldwomanwouldNEVERbequiet.(—HardTime)（语义）：从前有个老太婆，你是怎样认为她的？她仅靠吃和喝过活，吃和喝是她饮食的全部。但是这个老太婆从来都不会安静下来。EXAMPLE（交际）：昔日有个老太婆，你道她如何？整天无忧又无虑，有吃又有喝；喝了又吃吃了喝，过得真快活，但是这个老太婆，还是直罗嗦。CorrelativeApproachtoTranslationIn1991,Newmarkre-examinedthesemantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation,andproposedanewconceptoftranslation,correlativeapproachtotranslation（关联翻译法）.关联翻译法（correlativeapproachtotranslation）:Themoreimportantthelanguageoftheoriginalorsourcelanguagetext，themorecloselyitshouldbetranslated.MetaphorTranslationMetaphorTranslation（隐喻翻译）：Metaphorisanyfigurativeexpression:A.thetransferredsenseofaphysicalwordB.thepersonificationofanabstractionC.theapplicationofawordorcollocationtowhatitdoesnotliterallydenoteMethodsofTranslatingMetaphors(1)ReproducingthesameimageintheTargetLanguagee.g.TimeismoneyArgumentiswar(2)Replacethesameimageinthesourcelanguagewithastandardtargetlanguagee.g.tokillgoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs杀鸡取卵goose-hen(3)Translationofmetaphorbysimilee.g.Theycrowdedaroundhimandthefloodofquestionscame.他们围着他，问题像潮水般涌来。MethodsofTranslatingMetaphors(4)Translationofmetaphor(orsimile)bysimileplussense将（sense）喻底——指本体和喻体之间的相似之处，也加入到译文中，使译文更通顺。e.g.Johnisalioninthebattle.约翰在战斗中勇猛如狮。(5)Conversionofmetaphortosensee.g.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.直接译为喻底：人生有苦有乐。不译出喻体“玫瑰”和：荆棘。MethodsofTranslatingMetaphors(6)Delete译者有意忽略原文的引申意义e.g.美帝国主义的手伸得很长，伸到我国的台湾，伸到日本、南朝鲜、南越、菲律宾等地.ButUSimperialismhasreachedoutveryfar,toourTaiwan,toJapan,SouthKorea,SouthVietnam,ThePhilippines,andsoon.虽未将“手伸得很长”的隐喻译出，读者也可悟出其中含义。(7)Samemetaphorcombinedwithsense在直译之后对隐喻的形象作增补说明e.g.Everybirdlikesitsownnest.鸟爱自己的巢，人爱自己的家。THANKYOU