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英语的动词有三种语气形式,即陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用来说明事实或就事实提出询问,可用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中;祈使语气用于表示请求、命令、建议或警告等。虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或空想等非真实情况。如:Heishonest.他很诚实。(陈述语气)Don‘tbelatenexttime.下次别迟到。(祈使语气)IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotgo.我要是你,我就不会去。(虚拟语气)IwishIhadalotofmoney.要是我有很多很多钱就好了。(虚拟语气)编辑本段第一类虚拟语气在条件句中的用法:条件句有真实条件句和虚拟条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的,此时主句不用虚拟语气;而虚拟条件句则表示一种假想,与事实相反或不大可能会发生,此时用虚拟语气。如:IfIhavetime,Iwillgo.假若我有时间,我就去。(陈述语气)IfIwereyou,Iwouldgo.假若我是你,我就去。(虚拟语气)时态类型主句谓语形式条件句的谓语形式例句与现在事实相反would/should/could/might+V原动词过去式did*be多用were1.IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.2.IwouldcertainlygoifIhadtime.与过去事实相反would/should/could/might+havedone动词过去完成式haddone1.Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnothavefailedinthetest.2.IfIhadleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavecaughtthetrain.与将来事实相反would/should/could/might+V原①动词过去式②should+V原③were+todo1.Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.①2.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.③*规律总结:从句都往过去推一个时态,如:与现在相反的if从句就用过去时;与过去相反用过去完成时(即过去的过去)注:特别说明1、lwould/should/could/might主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后;would表示结果还表示过去经常常常做某事,might表示可能性,could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较:Ifyoutriedagain,youwouldsucceed.要是你再试一试,你就会成功的。(would表结果)Ifyoutriedagain,youmightsucceed.要是你再试一试,你可能会成功的。(might表可能)Ifyoutriedagain,youcouldsucceed.要是你再试一试,你就能成功了。(could表能力)2、错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句即指的是现在或将来,此时应根据具体的语境情况,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整:Ifithadrainedlastnight,thegroundwouldbewetnow.要是昨晚下过雨的话,现在地面就会是湿的。Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.假若你当时听我的话,你现在就会好多了。3、If虚拟条件句的否定(含蓄条件句)常考两个句型:Ifitweren’tfor…和Ifithadn’tbeenfor…,其意为“若不是(有)”“要不是”。如:Ifitweren’tforwater,noplantcouldgrow.要是没有水植物就无法生长。Ifithadn’tbeenforyourassistance,wewouldn’thavesucceeded.=Butforyourassistance,wewouldn’thavesucceeded.=Withoutyourassistance,wewouldn’thavesucceeded.4、If虚拟条件句的倒装形式,即把were,had,should置于句首。例:WereIinschoolagain(=IfIwereinschoolagain),Iwouldworkharder.Hadyouaskedme,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(=Ifyouhadaskedme,…)编辑本段第二类使用虚拟语气的常见结构或从句:1.*wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于:hope表示一般可以实现的希望,宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较:(1)Wehopetheywillcome.(Wedon’tknowiftheycancome.)(2)Wewishtheycouldcome.(Weknowtheyarenotcoming.)2.ifonly与Iwish一样,也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所虚拟语气的时态与wish后所接时态的情况相同:Ifonlyshehadhadmorecourage!她再勇敢一些就好了。IfonlyIhadlistenedtomyparents!我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。Ifonlyshewouldgowithme!她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!*ifonly通常独立使用,没有主句。3.lwouldrather后句子用虚拟语气只分现在和过去在wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon后的that从句中,句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气,表示宁愿做什么,具体用法为:①一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望I’dratheryouwenttomorrow(now).我宁愿你明天(现在)去。②用过去完成时表过去的愿望I’dratheryouhadn’tsaidit.我真希望你没有这样说过。4.lasif(though)从句用虚拟语气以asif(asthough)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气,则与wish用法相同,例:Heactsasifheknewme.他显得认识我似的。TheytreatmeasthoughIwereastranger.他们待我如陌生人。Hetalksasifhehadbeenabroad.他说起话来好像曾经出过国。注:两点说明(1)从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实,也可用陈述语气:Itlooksasifwe’llbelate.我们似乎要迟到了。(2)注意Itisn’tasif…的翻译:Itisn’tasifhewerepoor.他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。编辑本段第三类从句中should+动词原形,should可省略1.在lest,forfearthat(以免),incase(以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气Shewalkedquietlylestshe(should)wakeupherroommates.她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。2.表应当做值得做一类动词后的宾语从句建议advise,suggest,propose,recommend命令order,command请求ask,demand,require,request指示direct敦促urge提议move,vote希望desire坚持insist打算intend安排arrange例如:Iinsistedthathe(should)stay.我坚持要他留下。HeurgedthattheygotoEurope.他敦促他们到欧洲去。Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建议我们早点动身。Heorderedthatit(should)besentback.他命令把它送回去。Iaskthatheleave.我要求他走开。HerequiresthatI(should)appear.他要求我出场。Imovethatweaccepttheproposal.我提议通过这项提案。HearrangedthatIshouldgoabroad.他安排我去国外。Shedesiresthathedoit.她希望他做此事。Thegeneraldirectedthattheprisonersshouldbesetfree.将军指示释放那些俘虏。*suggest表“暗示”insist表“坚持认为”不用虚拟语气比较:HeinsistedthatIhadreadhisletter.他坚持说我看过他的信。HeinsistedthatIshouldreadhisletter.他坚持要我看他的信。Hesuggestedthatwe(should)stayfordinner.他建议我们留下吃饭。Isuggestedthatyouhadasecretunderstandingwithhim.我觉得你与他心照不宣。3.order,suggestion,idea,plan,proposal,advice,demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)bethefirsttogo.我们的建议是你应该第一个去。4.*advice,agreement,command,decision,decree,demand,determination,indication,insistence,order,preference,proposal,request,requirement,stipulation,suggestion,idea,plan,orderl“Itis(was)+紧急重要--带感情色彩上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词或important,natural,strange,necessary,surprised,appropriate等形容词后的主语从句1.Itisorderedthatthearmy(should)getthereby4a.m.2.Itisnecessarythatshe(should)besentthereatonce.注:*Itisnecessary,important,strange,natural,advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要),impossible,improper,obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,recommended,urgent,vitaletc.;itisapity;Itisrequested/suggested/desired/proposed编辑本段第四类It’stime后的从句用虚拟语气从句谓语通常用过去式表示(早)该干某事了*有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见,且should不能省略)ex.It’stimewewent[weregoing,shouldgo].我们该走了。It’stimeIwasinbed.我该上床睡了。(不用were)It'stime=Itis(thevery/high/right/about)time至善教育将根据每位高三学生的学习方法、学习态度的不同,制定特有的学习方案,提供最全的高考英语学习策略。编辑本段wish和asif引导的虚拟1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望构成:主语+wish(that)+从句主语+动词过去式(be一律用were)例如:IwishIkneweverythingintheworld.Iwishthattheexperimentwereasuccess.Wewishwehadwings.2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望构成:主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/could+have+过去分词或had+过去分词例如:Iwishthatyouhadcalledyesterday.
本文标题:英语的动词有三种语气形式
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