英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案

Book1Unit11.WhatwastheBritishEmpire?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?Inwhatwayisthe“Empire”stillfeltinBritainandintheinternationalfield?TheBritishEmpirecomprisedthedominions,colonies,protectorates,mandates,andotherterritoriesruledoradministeredbytheUnitedKingdom,thathadoriginatedwiththeoverseascoloniesandtradingpostsestablishedbyEnglandinthelate16thandearly17thcenturies.Intheinternationalfield,Britainhasgreatvoiceinpolitics,economyandcultureandsoon.2.WhyimpossibletosumupBritishpeoplewithafewsimplephrases:TheUKismadeupofdifferentelements.Itincludes4partswithintheonenation-state.Itisnowamultiracialsocietywithdifferentreligionbelieves.Itisdividedeconomicallyanditisasocietywithaclass-structure.Andwithineachofthefourcountriestherearedifferentregions.Sincethiscountrywassocomplicatedbothinhistoryorhumanity,itisimpossibletosumuptheirpeople.3.Ahistoryofinvasions:(1)Beforethe1stcenturyADBritainwasmadeupoftribalkindomsofCelticpeople.TheybroughtthecentralEuropenculturetoBritain.Thenin43AD,RomanEmpireinvadedBritainandcontrolleditforslavesocietybutalsodisseminatedtheirCatholicism.(2)However,inthe5thcentury,theRomanEmpirerapidlywanedinpowerandBritainwasconqueredbytheAnglesandtheSaxons.InordertodefendtheSaxons,agreatleader—KingArthurappeared.Hecreatedtheroundtabletosatisfyalltheknights'requirementofhavingequalprecedence.ThusitgraduallyformedthemonarchyinBritainasamoredemocraticsystem.WhetherArthur'sarealpersoninthehistoryornot,Anglo-SaxonsdidsucceedininvadingBritainandtheyweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.(3)Inthe8thcentury,theVikingsfromDenmarkcontrolledthenothernandeasternEngland.AAnglo-Saxonherio,kingAlfredtheGreatfoughtagainstthevikingswiththetrulyEnglish.Andthat'swhythere'sacertainculturaldifferencebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland(4)Later,theNomansfromnorthernFrance,undertheleadingofWilliamofNormandy,killedthekingandWilliambecametheFristofEngland.TheyimportedarullingclassthatFrench-speakingNormanaristocracyrulledSaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation.Inthiscondition,thereweren'talotofrebellionsamongtheEnglishpeople.ThatdirectlyformedanEnglishuniquecharacter:arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.Eventoday,wecanstillfindthispersonalityfromtheBritishpeoplethroughtheirlifestyles.Howdidtheyinfluenceculture:[接着上边一起看](2)alotofstoriesofKingArthur,whichbroughtalotofsingers,poets,novelistsandfilmmakers.Placesassociatedwithhislegend.RoundtablewasweenasanindicatorofthewayinwhichtheEnglishhavewishedtoseetheirmonarchassomethingotherthanaremotedictator.(3)anglo-saxoninvadersweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.ByVikings'settlementstheEnlishheroesweretrulyEnglish.Thereremainstothisdayacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinengland.(4)NormanaristocracyrulingalargelySaxonandEnglish-speakingpopulation.thelegendofRobinHood.4.GeneralcharacteristicofScotland:Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.(1)rugged.(2)notconqueredbytheRomans(3)maintainitsseparatepoliticalidentityformorethanahundredyears.(4)eagerforindependence.HowScotlandbecamepartoftheunionofGreatBritain:in1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.In1745therewasabrutalmilitaryresponsefromtheBritisharmy.TherebelarmywasdestroyedatthebattleofCullodeninnorthernScotland.5.DescribeWalesandtheunificationwithBritain:(1)waleswasanimportantelementinBritain'sindustrialrevolution,asithadrichcoaldeposits.Itissuccessfulinattractinginvestmentfromabroad.WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.(2)WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.In1536,waleswasbroughtlegally,administratively,andpoliticallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishparliament.Thiscloselong-standingrelationshipmeansthatmodernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses---itslegalsystemanditseducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland.6.DifferencesbetweenEngland,ScotlandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition:[书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较](1)Englishcharacter:arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity.Butyoungpeoplearenotallstereotypes.Butitiscertainlytruethatthelifelessfrontsofmanyenglishhousesconcealbeautifulbackgardens.(2)ThedreamofanindependentScotlandhasnotvanished.Theyarealwayseagerforfreedom.Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience.SuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity.SomepeoplespeakGaelic.(3)Walesisdifferent,andoneofthekeymarkersofthatdiffeneceistheWelshlanguage--theoldBritishCeltictonguewhichisstillindailyuse.ModernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpo