高考生物知识点总结(精华版)

180()1.11.21.3CHONCHONCHONPSCCHONPSKCaMgFeMnBZnCuMoAlSiPbHg2801.4FeMgCHOCHOCHONPCHOVit.DCHONSFeCuPMoDNARNACHONPRNA1.5mnaxyrnmxxmay18xary1833801.61.78H3PO45AGCTUDNA4AGCTRNA4AGCU1.8C6H12O6DNARNACHONSCHONPFeCuRNH2COOHHC4801.9DNAABABDNA0.015mol/LNaCl5Ml5min1.101.111.12123DNA45678ATPATP5801.13RNADNARNADNARNA1.14DNADNA2a4a4a4a4a2a2N2N2N4N2N04N4N0022242NNN2NN2NDNA2a1.15DNA241.16216801.171.181.191.201.21G1SG2MG07801.221.231.248801.25---9801.26ABABB502014289012510801.27pH1.28PEG()1180ATP2.12.22.3ATPATPADPPiATPC~PADPCATPABCD1234n()()NADP()B()RNARNACl-Cu2+Mg2+RNA12802.4ATP2.52.6H2O[H]O2NADP+H+2eNADPHATPPiATPCO2NADPHATPCH2OADPPiNADP+H2OH2OADPPiNADP+CO2ATPNADPHO2ATPNADPHCH2OADPPiNADP+H2OATPADPPiababaab13802.7C3C4C3C4CO2C3C4C32.8C4C3CO2C4C3C4C3C4C3C4C32.9C4C4C3PEP(C4)C4C3C3ATPPEPAMPNADP+NADPHCO2C4C3NADP+NADPHCO2CH2OC514802.10C4C3C3C4PEPCO2CO2PEPCO2CO22.112.12CO2NPKMgATPNADP+CO215802.132.142.14.1CO2O216802.14.22.14.3ATP2.14.42.14.51-5%17802.15(1)1.16(2)(10-95%)(5-90%)90%10%NSPCHONSCO2CON2NH3H2OH2SSO2NPSKCaMg6FeMnBZnCuMoClNiAlSiNaICHONCHONPKMgCaSB18802.172.182.19(N2)NH36()()()N2eH+ATPNH3ADPPiN2NO3-NH3-NO2-NO3-N2N2NH3NH3NO2-NO3-NO2-NO3-N2N219802.202.21CO2H2OCO2H2ONH3CO2H2O(8)1220802.222.232C3H6O32C2H5OH2CO24[H]2CH3COCOOHC6H12O6()()()()ATP()C6H12O62C3H6O3C6H12O62C2H5OH2CO26CO220[H]C6H12O64[H]6H2OATP()C6H12O62CH3COCOOH12H2OATP()6O2ATP()2CH3COCOOH()()21802.24CO2H2OATPATP2.251mol2870kJ2870kJ1165kJ40.59%2870kJ196.65kJ61.08kJ2.13%2.26(O2)22802.27DNADNADNARNADNARNADNARNA23802.28()CNNCO2NaHCO3N2C/N=4C/N=3pHpH=6.57.5pH=7.58.5pH=5.06.0N-24802.292.302npH2537pH25802.312.32(lg)00kk2dcabdcababcdpHpH26803.110-1010-810-610-410-21/molL-1027803.2()()()Na+K+A(BCO2()()()()()28803.3--------++++--------++++++++++++++++----++++++++++++++++------------++++--------()()SH29803.43.5(pH)CO2O2NaHCO3H2CO3Na2CO3NaHCO3H2CO3CO2H2OpHH2CO3NaHCO330803.6H2OmLmL1300900300150050040010025002500Na+Na+Na+Na+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+Na+31803.7+Na+K++++32803.83.9++++++AB33803.103.10BTBTTB34803.113.12BTT10000BBBTBBT(+35803.13BXAIDSHIVTB36803.13()()HLAATPNa+3780()4.1(2N)(2N)(N)(3)(2N)(2N)(2N)(N)(N)(N)(2N)(3N)38804.24.3(2N=4)(2N=4)(N=2)(N=2)(N=2)(N=2)(2N=4)(2N=4)(N=2)(N=2)(N=2)AABBBBABABBBAAAAAABBBBBBBBAAAAA39804.44.5112142(DNA)4242DNA14213m4mm(2n)1234562n2n-172n2n8m2nnm2n-12m2nm2n-12m=2n40804.64.74180()5.1DNA1R()R()R()DNADNADNAS()R()R()SRDNAR()S()S()SRSSRS42805.2DNA2T25.3RNA35S32P35S32P35S32PRNATMVRNARNATMV43805.4DNA5.55.6DNA1234512DNA3DNADNARNA4DNARNARNAACGGATCT3355DNA44805.7A=TG=CA1=T2G1=C2A2=T1G2=C1A=A1+A2T=T1+T2G=G1+G2C=C1+C2A+G=T+CA+C=T+G1)()(GTCA1)()(CTGAwTA11wTA122rCG11rCG122mCTGA)()(1111mCTGA1)()(2222mGACT)()(2222sGA1122GAtCT1122CTnCGTA)()(1111nTACG1)()(2222nCGTA)()222212345DNADNAGCATDNADNADNA123456784n45805.8DNA5.9DNAACGTTGCA32P32P012nTGCAACGTTGCAACGTTGCAACGTACGTTGCA32P32P31P31P31PACGTTGCATGCAACGT32P31P32P31PDNADNA11/21/2n-11/21/41/2n53355353335515N()15N()15N()14N()DNADNADNA46805.10TGCATGCATGCAACGTACGTACGTUGCACGUACGUACGUAUGCAUGCAmRNtRNRNAABCDEABCDEACERNAmRNARNA47805.11NN=4DNA23+1+DNAN+1NDNA+1DNANNDNA23+110DNADNADNADNADNADNADNADNA5.125.12.1HGP1985HGP1990101HGP3015200554%33%7%2.8%2.2%1%19985DNACelera319981020012005200319999330001%2000314200042000626200121520012162006518199991648805.12.2HGP1%1%1cM()60006000DNADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADNA,DNADNADNADNADNA()2%~5%mRNAmRNAmRNAcDNAESTcDNAmRNAcDNAcDNAcDNAEST5.12.3580,00050012,000,0005,5382,200,0002,300180,000,00013,3504,600,0001,7002,500,000,00029,0004,600,0004,4003,000,000,00027,00049805.12.424200613,141504134779721,7763301482115531,4453071591514141,023215161,13919251,261254171,47131361,401225184087471,410232191,71527089522082076217891,0862332135766101,04217022106657111,626312X1,090200121,347252Y1441417,5103,2429,4052,35726,9155,599DNA20015.12.522131412.2315010112350805.135.14DNARNA()DNADNADNADNADNA51805.15AAAAAAAaAAaaAaAaAaaaaaaaAA1AAAa11Aa1AAAaaa121Aaaa11aa1111311115.16AaAaAAAaaa12131AaAaAAAaaa121121MNLMLNLMLNLMLMLMLNLNLN121121ABOIAIBiIAIBAaAaAaaa2121AaAaAAAa12AaAaAAAa11AaAaAaaa1111X5.23(P53)5.17PAABBAAAbbAabbaaBBBAaBbF1ABAbaBabABAABBAABbAaBBAaBbAbAABbAAbbAAaBbAabbAaBAaBBAaBbaaBBBaaBbBabAaBbAabbAaaBbBaabbF1AABBaabb10/169/16+1/16AAbbaaBB6/163/16+3/16AB933149AABBAABbAaBBAaBbAAbbaaBBAabbaaBbaabbF252805.18F1F2112423(31)F12241649(31)2F133864827(31)344162561681(31)4nn2n4n2n3n(31)n5.1921966718961YRyyRrYyRr196+18967+61=31196+67189+61=11YyyyRrRrAaBbAabbAaBbAabbAaAaBbbb1/4AA1/2Aa1/4aa1/2Bb1/2bb13/4A1/4a1/2B1/2bAaBb1/2Aa1/2Bb1/4Aabb1/2Aa1/2bb1/41/41/41/2iii3/4A1/2B+3/4A1/2b=3/45380AaBbA-B-A-bbA-B-A-bbaaB-aabbAaBbAabb31113311()AaBb31313+1+3+1842428814AaBbAaBb2aaBb54805.20F297F2961F2151F21231IBIBIF2934cRrF2133CcICF2F2F2971519349611231133()CCddccDD()CcDd()C-D-()C-dd()ccD-()ccdd()9/163/163/161/16PF1F2(aaBB()AaBb()A-B-()A-bb()aaB-()aabb()9/163/163/161/16PF1F2()EEFFeeff()EeFf()E-F-()E-ff()eeF-()eeff()9/163/163/161/16PF1F2(bbii()BbIi()B-I-()bbI-()B-ii()bbii()9/163/163/161/16PF1F2(rrcc()RrCc()R-C-()rrC-()R-cc()rrcc)9/163/163/161/16PF1F2()IICCiicc()IiCc()I-C-()I-cc()iiC-()iicc)9/163/163/161/16PF1F255805.215.21.1A5.21.2aAaaaaaAaAaAAaa%10