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非谓语动词非谓语动词也称动词的非限定形式,它们不可以在句中单独作谓语,也不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词具有双重性质,既有动词的特点:有时态,语态的变化,能被状语修饰,也有自己的宾语;又有非动词的特点:可以代替名词或形容词。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词三种。它们可以在句中充当除谓语以外的其他各种成分,即主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。1、非谓语动词作主语(1)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语,但分词却不可以。不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。_____isnotaseriousdisadvantageinlife.(2001,51)A.TobenottallB.NottobetallC.BeingnottallD.Notbeingtall[D]【详解】非谓语动词在句中作了主语。非谓语动词的否定式,要直接在非谓语动词前加not,因此可以直接排除[A]和[C]。动名词和不定式都可以作句子主语,但动名词表示一贯性动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。个子不高是一贯的事实,应用动名词形式,所以[D]正确。(2)不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语,但在含有no,-less等否定词的句子里,常用动名词作主语。如:Itisuselesstalkingwithher.Itisnogooddiscussingwithher.(3)如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词,两者应保持同样的形式,或同为不定式,或同为动名词。如:Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。(4)不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导:absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如:Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.2、非谓语动词作宾语(1)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当宾语,但分词却不可以。A.有些动词后只能接动名词,如:abandon,acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,mind,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如:Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.B.有些动词后只能接不定式,如:afford,agree,aim,arrange,ask,attempt,bother,claim,determine,desire,endeavor,expect,fail,guarantee,intend,long,plan,prepare,pretend,refuse,request,resolve,tend,venture,volunteer,etc.C.有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词,如:love,like,hate,begin,start,etc.这时,二者的差别不大,主要在于:不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。如:Ilikegettingupearly.我喜欢早起。(一种生活习惯)Ihatetogetupearlytomorrow.我讨厌明天要早起。(一次性的行为)D.有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词,如:remember,forget,stop,etc.此时,二者的差别很大,需要加以区别。E.动名词复合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语,在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来,形成动名词的复合结构:Thegirl'sbeingeducatedinanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor.Iwouldappreciateyourkeepingitasecret.Annneverdreamsof_____forhertobesentabroadverysoon.A.therebeingachanceB.theretobeachanceC.therebeachanceD.beingachance介词后用动名词,表示存在时必须用therebe句型,所以答案为A,这也是动名词复合结构,there为动名词的逻辑主语。Idon‘tmind_____thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.A.youtodelaymakingB.yourdelayingmakingC.youdelayingtomakeD.youdelaytomakeMind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词,答案自然是B。真题举例What’sthechanceof_____ageneralelectionthisyear?(05,61)A.therebeingB.theretobeC.therebeD.theregoingtobe[A]3.非谓语动词作状语(1)不定式和分词都可以作状语,表示原因、时间、方式、伴随、让步、结果等。不定式常在句中作目的状语,而分词一般不具备这种功能;分词能表示时间或伴随情况,不定式却不能这样用。如:Hecametoseeme.Singingasong,theycameintotheclassroom.(2)当分词有了自己的逻辑主语,便构成了分词的独立结构,在句中作状语,表示时间、伴随、原因和条件等。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如:Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.Timepermitting,wewillhaveameeting.真题举例1.Agricultureisthecountry’schiefsourceofwealth,wheat_____byfarthebiggestcerealcrop.(03,51)A.isB.beenC.beD.being[D]2.Time_____,thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.(03,58)A.permitB.permittingC.permittedD.permits[B]3.There_____nothingfordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.(00,55)A.tobeB.tohavebeenC.beingD.be[C](3)主语应与分词保持一致。主语应与分词保持一致,避免悬垂分词的出现。也就是要避免既不带自己的主语,又不以句子主语作自己的逻辑主语的分词短语。例如下面的句子就是错误的:Hearingtheterriblenews,hereyesfilledwithtears.由于主语hereyes不能发出hearing的动作,所以本句是错误的。可以这样改:Hearingtheterriblenews,sheburstintotears.一听到这个可怕的消息,她就哭了起来。(4)非谓语动词作主语和状语时,若要使用其否定形式,则需要将否定词放在整个非谓语动词结构之前。真题举例1._____,hecannowonlywatchitonTVathome.(98,45)A.ObtainingnotaticketforthematchB.NotobtainingaticketforthematchC.NothavingobtainedaticketforthematchD.Notobtainedaticketforthematch[C]2._____isnotaseriousdisadvantageinlife.(01,61)A.TobenottallB.NottobetallC.BeingnottallD.Notbeingtall[D](5)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的结果,有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如:Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.真题举例Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighboringcountry,_____bythepoliceeachtime.(99,42)A.hadbeencapturedB.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycaptured[C]4.不定式做主语补足语:掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。如:besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.真题举例1.TheMinisterofFranceisbelieved_____ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.(04,58)A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothink[B]2.ProfessorJohnsonissaid_____somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.(99,43)A.havingmadeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.tomake[C]3.AIDSissaidthenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.(02,56)A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen[C]非谓语动词的其他考点:1.不定式的习惯用法句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如:Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwilla
本文标题:专四语法(非谓语动词)
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