英语语言学--句法学

2020/3/131ChapterSixSyntax2020/3/132---Theinternalstructuresofsentences---differenttreatmentsofsentencestructurebydifferentlinguisticschools---ICanalysis,deepstructure,surfacestructure,treediagram2020/3/1331.Definition---thestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,thatis,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.2020/3/1342.Discussthenotionofsentence2.1.ThenotionsofsentenceView1:Agrammaticalunitthatissyntacticallyindependentandhasasubjectthatisexpressedor,asinimperativesentences,understoodandapredicatethatcontainsatleastonefiniteverb.View2:Anindependentgroupofwordsexpressingacompletethought.View3:Astatementcontainingasubjectandapredicate,asubjectistheelementaboutwhichastatementismade,andapredicateistheelementmadeaboutasubject.2020/3/1352.2.ThetypesofsentenceA.Accordingtothestructure:Sentencecanbesimpleandnon-simple(complexandcompound).ThesimplesentenceThegirliswatchingTV.MaryandJohnaresittingonthesofa.ThecompoundsentenceAcompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoresimplesentences,usuallyconnectedbyacommaplusajoiningword(and,but,for,or,nor,so,yet).Acompoundsentenceisusedwhenyouwanttogiveequalweighttocloselyrelatedideas.Wearewateringthetrees,forwedon’thaveanyrainforamonth.2020/3/136ThecomplexsentenceAcomplexsentenceismadeupofasimplesentenceandastatementthatbeginswithadependentword.Acomplexsentenceisusedwhenyouwanttoemphasizeoneideaoveranotherinasentence.WhatIwanttoemphasizeisthis.Weshouldneverpretendtoknowwhatwedon’tknow.Thecompound-complexsentenceEllipsisisacommonfeatureinEnglish,butinmanysentencesofthistypeitisnotpossibletostateexactlywhatis‘leftout’.2020/3/137B.Accordingtocommunicativefunction:Sentencecanbedeclarative,interrogative,imperativeandexclamatory.2020/3/1382.3.TheextensionofsentenceSentencecanbeextendedeitherbyconjoiningorembedding.Conjoiningisawaybywhichclausesarejoinedbymeansofcoordinatingconjunctions并列连词(and,but,or),orconnectives连接词andparataxis.并列(一系列相关的从句或词组之间没有连词)(如:Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.)Embedding嵌入法isaprocessofconstructionwherebyoneclauseisaconstituentofanotherorissubordinatedtoanother.2020/3/1392.4.ThestructureofsentenceThelinearandhierarchicalstructuresofsentences2020/3/1310A.ThelinearwordorderofasentenceThewordsofthesentenceiswrittendownorheardoneafteranotherinasequence.2020/3/1311B.ThehierarchicalstructureofasentenceSentencesarenotonlylinearly-structured.Theyarealsohierarchicallystructured,thatis,sentencesareorganizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesamesyntacticcategorysuchasnounphraseorverbphrase.(NPandVP).2020/3/1312Thehierarchicalordercanbebestillustratedwithatreediagramofconstituentstructure,socalledbecausesuchadiagramlookslikeaninvertedtree.SNPVPDetNVNPThestudentlikesthesubjectoflinguistics.2020/3/13133.Traditionalapproach3.1.Aboutthetraditionalgrammar2020/3/1314Thetraditionalapproachisalsoknownastraditionalgrammar.Ithasalonghistory.ItcamefromthestudyofGreek.SinceLatinhasacloseconnectiontoGreekinstructure,thestudywasappliedtoLatin.2020/3/1315ScholarsintheMiddleAgesusedtoconsiderLatinasaninternationallanguageandasastandardmodeltotheirownlanguages,thoughthereweremanydifferencesbetweenLatinandotherEuropeanlanguages.Therefore,traditionalgrammarisamodeldevelopedoriginallyforGreek,lateradaptedtoLatin,andsubsequentlyappliedtootherEuropeanlanguagesthatwerequitesimilarinformtoLatin.2020/3/1316TheprimarypurposeofthetraditionalgrammaristheteachingofLatintothoseunfamiliarwithLatin.Thegrammarswerenottodescribethelanguagebuttosetuprulesasnormative标准化的andprescriptive说明性的.Traditionally,asentenceisseenasasequenceofwords.Thestudyofsentenceformationinvolvesagreatdealofthestudyofthewordssuchasthedistinctionofpartsofspeech,functionsandtheconcordandgovernmentofnumber,gender,case,tense,aspectandvoice.2020/3/13173.2.Somebasicconceptsa.Category:b.Definingpropertiesofthesecategoriesc.Tense,aspect,voiceandmoodd.Concordandgovernment(Cf.118-119)2020/3/1318a.CategoryCategoryinsyntaxusuallyreferstoclassesandfunctions,likenoun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Inthissense,asyntacticcategoryreferstoaword,aphraseoraclausethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction,suchassubjectinasentence.AccordingtoLyons(1968:274),therearethreekindsofcategories.“Partsofspeech”isreferredtoasprimarygrammaticalcategoriesandsuchnotionsasnumber,gender,tense,mood,case,person,concord,government,etc.asthesecondarygrammaticalcategories.Thetraditionalsyntacticnotionsof“subject”,“predicate”,“object”,etc.arereferredtoasfunctionalcategories.Inthissection,weshalldealespeciallywiththesecondarygrammaticalcategories.Someofthemwillbediscussedbelow.2020/3/1319Lexicalcategories:Noun,Fullverb,Adjective,Adverb/Determiner,Preposition,Pronoun,Conjunction,Primaryandmodalverb,Interjection,NumeralPhrasalcategories:lexicalitemshavecertaincombinationalpropertiesthatallowthemtocombinewithwordsofdifferentcategoriestoformphrases:NP:thethreetallestgirls;VP:hasbeendoing,walkwithastickPP:inapark,tothedoor;AP:quiterude,extremelydifficult;2020/3/1320b.Definingpropertiesofcategory:Number:TheEnglishnumbersystemc