殖民主义时期的美国文学-英文版

TheColonialPeriodandtheRevolutionaryPeriodOutline•Puritanism•Literatureintheearlyperiods•BenjaminFranklinI.HistoricalBackground1.Earlyhistory:1)In1492,ChristopherColumbusfoundthenewcontinentcalledAmerica.2)In1607,CaptainJohnSmithledsomeEnglishmenacrosstheocean.3)In1620,102passengerssailedontheshipMayfloweracrosstheseaandsettledon“NewEngland”ofthenewcontinent.WhatdoyouknowaboutAmericanearlyhistory?HistoricalBackground2.Reasonsforcomingtothenewworldwealthadventurereligion:puritans•Puritanswantedto“purifythechurch”toitsoriginalstate,becausetheythoughtthechurchwascorruptedandhadtoomanyritualsHistoricalBackground3.Belief---PuritanismacodeofvaluesaphilosophyoflifeapointofviewtookrootintheNewWorldDoctrinesofPuritanstakingreligionasthemostimportantthing;livingforglorifyingGod;believingpredestination（命运天定）,originalsin(原罪，人生下来就是有罪的，因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的),totaldepravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝),limitedatonement(有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救)AmericanPuritanismFeaturesofAmericanPuritanidealistdreamtheywouldbuildthenewlandtoanEdenonearth.morepractical,tougherthesevereconditionsstruggleforsurvivalpreoccupiedwithbusinessandprofits1)ItisoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanLiterature.2)First,itisabranchofProtestantismholdingtheteachingsofCalvinism,believingthathumanbeingsarebasicallyevil,andcoulddonothingaboutit,andmany,althoughnotall,willsurelybecondemnedtohell.PeopleshouldtrytotrytopleaseGodbyworkinghard,beingthrifty,pious,andsober.3)Itismoreacodeofvalues,aphilosophyoflifeandapointofviewthanakindofreligion,stressinghardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.Itisopposedtosocialpleasuresandindulgences.PuritanismAmericanPuritanismEnduringshapinginfluenceinliterature①BasisofAmericanliteraturewentintothemakingofAmericanliteraturedreamedoflivingunderaperfectorderworkedwithcouragehopedtobuildaGardenofEdenonearthfacedtheworstoflifewithoptimismAllliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.AmericanPuritanism②ContributingtothedevelopmentofSymbolism（象征主义）:atechnique,widelyusedPuritansthoughtthatallthesimpleobjectsexistingintheworldconnoteddeepmeaning.Symbolismmeansusingsymbolsinliteraryworks.Thesymbolmeanssomethingthatrepresentsorstandsforabstractdeepmeaning.AmericanPuritanism③Influencingthestyleofliterature:simple,freshanddirect(justasthestyleofHolyBible)WithoutunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenogoodunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature.II.Literatureintheearlyperiods:1.mainfeatures1)Diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons,inshort,personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.2)IncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.Inform,therewasn’tanyformatall,andEnglishliterarytraditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.3)Literatureintheearlyperiodswerebarrenandbleak,buttheyrepresentaprocessinwhichAmericanliteratureevolvedtowardsahigherphrase.2.EarlyAmericanPuritanWriters•JohnSmith,oneofthefoundersofthecolonyofJamestown:Hisdescriptionsaboutthenewworldbecamethesourceofinformationforthelatersettlers.•WilliamBradford,1stgovernorofPlymouth:TheHistoryofPlymouthPlantation•JohnWinthrop,1stgovernorofBoston,TheHistoryofNewEnglandTheirwritingsillustratethereligiouszealofthefirstsettlers.EarlyAmericanPuritanPoets•AnneBradstreet:HerpoemsmadesuchastirinEnglandthatshebecameknownasthe“TenthMuse”whoappearedinAmerica.•EdwardTaylor:HisworkfollowedthestyleandformsoftheleadingEnglishpoetsofthemid-17thcentury.Mostoftheirpoemstreatedreligiousthemes.TheywereservantsofGod.Earlywriterswritingforfreedom•RogerWilliams:thefirstrebelagainstthedivinechurch•JohnWoolmanWritersintheRevolutionaryPeriod•ThomasPaine:afamouspamphleteerintheageofrevolution,hisCommonSenseappearedin1776,boldlyadvocatinga“DeclarationofIndependence.”•PhilipFreneau:themostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.HeusedhispoetictalentsfortheindependenceofAmerica,anddedicatedhimselftowritingAmericansubjectmatters.WritersintheRevolutionaryPeriod•JonathanEdwards:thelastmedievalmanTheFreedomoftheWill,TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended•BenjaminFranklin:III.BenjaminFranklin1706-17901)Bornthetenthoffifteenchildreninapoorcandleandsoapmaker’sfamily,hehadtoleaveschoolbeforehewaseleven.2)Attwelvehewasapprenticedtoanolderbrother,James,aprinterinBoston.3)Asavoraciousreaderhemanagedtomakeupforthedeficiencybyhisowneffortandbeganat16topublishessaysunderthepseudonym,SilenceDogood,essayscommentingonsociallifeinBoston.4)Whenhewas17heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortunemarkingthebeginningofalongsuccessstoryofanarchetypalkind.1.HisLife5)Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher,foundtheJuntoClubandsubscriptionlibrary,issuedtheimmenselypopularPoorRichard’sAlmanac.6)Retiredaroundforty-two,hedidwhatwastohimagreathappiness:read,makescientificexperimentsanddogoodtohisfellowmen.HehelpedtofoundthePennsylvaniaHospital,anacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania,andtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.7)Atthesametimehedidalotoffamousexperimentsandinventedmanythingssuchaseffective