2017年中考英语定语从句详解

第二篇句法定语从句复习要点1.定语从句的关系词2.定语从句的分类3.关系代词和关系副词的功用4.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法5.几个需要注意的事项TheAttributiveClause定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。ThisisTom.Tomgaveusatalkyesterday.→ThisisTomwho(that)gaveusatalkyesterday.先行词定语从句定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。限制性定语从句：主句和从句不隔开，从句不能省略，否则就会失掉意义不能成立。如：Heisreadingabookwhichistoodifficultforhim.Hereistheboywhodamagedtheglass.非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用逗号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。如：ThebookiswrittenbyGuoJinming,whoisonly19yearsold.Bob’sfather,whowasanengineer,spent4yearsinEgypt.Shanghai,whichisdevelopingfast,hasbecomeoneofworld’stradecenter.注意点：1.非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.SheisveryfondofFrench,whichindeedshespeaksquitewell.2.which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.Theirhouseiswashedawaybythefloods,whichmadethemverysad.Helosthisjobfinally,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.难点链接关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。1.作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：Idon’tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.ThecarswhichareproducedinHubeiProvincesellverywell.2.作宾语：SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday.Thebookthatmygrandmothergavemeiscalled“TheGreatEscape”.3.作定语:关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：What’sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?Thegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesveryhard.4.作状语I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.难点链接各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit.Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate？Mr.Lee(whom)youwanttoseehascome.3.whose指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.Iknowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.Hereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedyesterday.5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：I’vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews.Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?6.when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.7.where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.8.why指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheisoftenlateforschool.难点链接注意：1.当先行词和介词有关联时：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.这是我们去年居住的房子。PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.她居住的城市非常远。难点链接2.只能使用that,不用which的情况：a.当先行词是不定代词，如all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,theone等时。如：Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Ididn’tmeanthisone;Imeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday.b.先行词（指物的）前面有only,few,oneof,little,no,all,every,very等词修饰时There’snodifficultythatwecan’tovercome.I’vereadallthebooksthatcanbeborrowedhere.c.先行词被序数词first,last,next等或形容词的最高级修饰时ThisisthefirstletterthatI’vewritteninJapanese.SheisthemostcarefulgirlthatI’veeverknown.d.当先行词既有人又有物时Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.Thespeakertalkedofsomewritersandbooksthatwereunknowntous.e.当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时Chinaisn’tthecountrythatsheusedtobe50yearsago.Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.It’sabookthatwillhelpyouagreatdeal.难点链接f．当主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时Whoisthemanthatiswaitingatthebusstop?Whichisthecarthatovertookusyesterday?g.当主句以Therebe…结构开头时，或关系代词在therebe…结构中作实义主语，先行项为物Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.Therearetwoticketsofthefilmthatareforyou.The9.15isthefastesttrainthattherehaseverbeen.h.当先行词是what时Whatdidyouhearthatmadeyousoangry?i.当先行词是基数词时YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.3.只能用which，不用that的情况：a.在非限制性定语从中。例如：Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.b.定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.难点链接4.只用who不用that的情况a.先行词是one,ones或anyone时Onewhodoesnotworkhardwillneversucceed.Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.SheistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasbeentotheUSA.b.先行词为those或被those修饰，指人时Thosewholearnnotonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.c.在以therebe…的句子中，先行词为人时Thereisacomradeoutsidewhowantstoseeyou.d.当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行项都为人时Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshard.e.当指人的先行项被一些指物的名词修饰时There'sonlyonestudentintheschoolwhoIwanttosee.Doyouknowthewomaninbluewithababyonherbackwhoisworkinginthefields?f.在非限制性定语从句中指人Imetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustcomefromAmerica.难点链接1.［误］Iwon’ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachmeEnglis［正］Iwon’ttellyouthenameofthepersonwhoteachesmeEnglish［析］在定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，从它本身看不出其数的形式，这时要由它的先行词决定。这里who应由theperson单数决定，应该用单数谓语动词。又如：Iwhoamastudentwanttofindasparetimejob里的who应与I是一致的，所以其谓语动词应该用am2.［误］Wetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplewhowemetdu